Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old Boy Induced by Indirect Topical Exposure to Testosterone

Styne DM The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA , ed. Pediatric Endocrinology . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders ; 2002: 565-628.

Rivarola M. , Belgorosky A. , Mendilaharzu H. , et al. Precocious puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal areas: organic central precocious puberty . Acta Paediatr. 2001;90: 751-756 .

Lee PA Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F , ed. Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2003:211-238.

Yu YM , Punyasavatsu N. , Elder D. , D'Ercole AJ. Sexual development in a two-year-old boy induced by topical exposure to testosterone . Pediatrics. 1999;104: e23 .

Greulich WW , Pyle SI , eds. Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist . 2nd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press ; 1959.

Physicians' Desk Reference. Androgel 1% testosterone , Unimed Pharmaceutical Inc. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc ; 2004: 3239-3241 .

Klugo RC , Cerny JC Response of micropenis to topical testosterone and gonadotropin . J Urol. 1978;119: 667-668 .

Guthrie RD , Smith DW , Graham CB Testosterone treatment for micropenis during early childhood . J Pediatr. 1973;83: 247-252 .

Jacobs SC , Kaplan GW , Gittes RF Topical testosterone therapy for penile growth . Urol. 1975;6: 708-710 .

Husmann DA , Cain MP Microphallus: eventual phallic size is dependent on the timing of androgen administration . J Urol. 1994;152: 734-739 .

McMahon DR , Kramer SA , Husmann DA Micropenis: does early treatment with testosterone do more harm than good? J Urol. 1995;154: 825-829 .

Takane KK , George FW , Wilson JD Androgen receptor of rat penis is down-regulated by androgen . Am J Physiol. 1990;258: E46-E50 .

Sutherland RS , Kogan BA , Baskin LS , et al. The effect of prepubertal androgen exposure on adult penile length . J Urol. 1996 ;156: 783-787 .