Fast Food and Children and Adolescents: Implications for Practitioners

Department of Health and Human Services : Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health.2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000. Accessed at http://www.healthypeople.gov. October 7, 2004.

Lindquist C , Gower B , Goran M . Role of dietary factors and ethnic differences in early risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:724-732.

Ammerman AS , Lindquist CH , Lohr KN , Hersey J . The efficacy of behavioral interventions to modify dietary fat and fruit and vegetable intake: a review of the evidence. Prev Med. 2002;35:25-41.

Key JK , Schatzkin A , Willett WC , et al. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1A):187-200.

Birch LL . Development of food acceptance patterns in the first years of life. Proc Nutr Soc. 1998;57:617-624.

Lytle LA , Seifert S , Greenstein J , McGovern P . How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study. Am J Health Promot. 2000;14:222-228.

Nader PR , Stone EJ , Lytle LA , et al. Three-year maintenance of improved diet and physical activity: the CATCH cohort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:695-704.

American Dietetic Association . Position of the American Dietetic Association: dietary guidance for healthy children aged 2 to 11 years. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:660-677.

Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics . Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 5th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2004:313-316.

Swinburn BA , Caterson I , Seidell JC , James WP . Diet, nutrition and the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1A):123-146.

Ogden CL , Flegal KM , Carroll MD , Johnson CL . Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728-1732.

Kuczmarski RJ , Ogden CL , Grummer-Strawn LM , et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data. 2000;314:1-28.

Hedley AA , Ogden CL , Johnson CL , et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847-2850.

Troiano RP , Flegal KM . Overweight prevalence among youth in the United States: why so many different numbers? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(Suppl 2):S22-S27.

Ebbeling CB , Pawlak DB , Ludwig DS . Childhood obesity: public health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet. 2002;360:473-482.

Sherry B , Dietz WH . Pediatric overweight: an overview. In: Bray GA , Bouchard C , eds. Handbook of Obesity: Etiology and Pathophysiology, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2003:117-129.

Bray GA . Classification and evaluation of the overweight patient. In: Bray GA , Bouchard C , eds. Handbook of Obesity. Clinical Applications, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2003:8-32.

Goran MI , Treuth MS . Energy expenditure, physical activity, and obesity in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:931-953.

Hill JO , Peters JC . Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science. 1998;280:1371-1374.

French SA , Story M , Neumark-Sztainer D , et al. Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables. Int J Obes. 2001;25:1823-1833.

Ebbeling CB , Sinclair KB , Pereirs MA , et al. Compensation for energy intake from fast food among overweight and lean adolescents. JAMA. 2004;291:2828-2833.

Cavadini C . Dietary habits in adolescence: contribution of snacking. In: Ballabria E , ed. Feeding from Toddlers to Adolescence. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 2003:117-129.

Guthrie JF , Lin BH , Frazao E . Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977-78 versus 1994-96: changes and consequences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002;34:140-150.

McPherson RS , Montgomery DH , Nichaman MZ . Nutritional status of children: what do we know? J Nutr Educ. 1995;27:225-234.

Troiano RP , Briefel RR , Carroll MD , Bialostosky K . Energy and fat intake of children and adolescents in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(suppl 5):1343S-1353S.

Lin BH , Guthrie J , Frazao E . American children’s diets not making the grade. Food Rev. 2001;24:8-17.

Cavadini C , Siega-Riz AM , Popkin BM . US adolescent food intake trends from 1965 to 1996. Arch Dis Child. 2000;83:18-24.

Neumark-Sztainer D , Wall M , Perry C , Story M . Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. Findings from Project EAT. Prev Med. 2003;37:198-208.

Neumark-Sztainer D , Story M , Hannan PJ , Croll J . Overweight status and eating patterns among adolescents: where do youths stand in comparison with the Healthy People 2010 Objectives? Am J Public Health. 2002;92:844-851.

Department of Agriculture . Food and Nutrient Intakes by Children 1994-1996, 1998. United States: Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group; 1999. Available at: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm. Accessed July 27, 2004.

Nutrition Insight. 1998;9:1-2.

Morton JF , Guthrie JF . Changes in children’s total fat intakes and their food group sources of fat, 1989-91 versus 1994-95: implications for diet quality. Fam Econ Nutr Rev. 1998;11:44-57.

Munoz KA , Krebs-Smith SM , Ballard-Barbash R , Cleveland LE . Food in-takes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations. Pediatrics. 1997;100:323-329.

American Dietetic Association . Position of the American Dietetic Association. Total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:100-108.

Borrud LG , Mickle S , Nowverl A , Tippett K . Eating Out in America: Impact on Food Choices and Nutrient Profiles. USDA’s 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII); Washington, DC; 1995.

Lin B , Guthrie J , Frazao E . Quality of children’s diets at and away from home: 1994-96. Food Rev. 1999:2-10.

Fitzgerald CM , Kannan S , Sheldon S , Eagle KA . Effect of a promotional campaign on heart-healthy menu choices in community restaurants. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:429-432.

Bowers DE . Cooking trends echo changing roles of women. Food Rev. 2000;23:23-28.

St-Onge M-P , Keller KL , Heymsfield SB . Changes in childhood food consumption patterns: a cause for concern in light of increasing body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:1068-1073.

Sloan AE, ed. What, When, and Where Americans Eat: 2003. A Sloan State-ofthe-Industry Report. Food Technology. 2003;57:48-57.

Story M , Neumark-Sztainer D , French S . Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:S40-S51.

Fung T , Anyan WR . Adolescence: life in the fast lane. In: Tamborlane WV , ed. The Yale Guide to Children’s Nutrition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1997:73.

National Restaurant Association . 2004 Restaurant Industry Forecast: Executive Summary. Washington, DC: National Restaurant Association; 2004. Accessed at http://www.restaurant.org/pdfs/research/2004forecastexecsummary.pdf. October 7, 2004:1-4.

Lin BH , Guthrie J , Blaylock JR . The Diets of America’s Children: Influences of Dining Out, Household Characteristics, and Nutrition Knowledge. Washington, DC, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 1999. Economic Report Number 746 (AER-746).

Bowman SA , Gortmaker SL , Ebbeling CB , et al. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics. 2004;113:112-118.

Hall S . Marketing to children: growing the customers of tomorrow. Restaurants Today. 1999;19:22-26.

Lin BH , Guthrie J , Frazao E . Popularity of dining out presents barrier to dietary improvements. Food Rev. 1998;2-10.

Lifshitz F , Tarim O , Smith MM . Nutrition in adolescence. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22:673.

Malouf NM , Colaguiri S . The effects of McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Pizza Hut on recommended diets. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1995;4:265-269.

Bowman SA , Vinyard BT . Fast food consumption of U.S. adults: impact on energy and nutrient intakes and overweight status. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:163-168.

Paeratakul S , Ferdinand DP , Champagne CM , et al. Fast-food consumption among US adults and children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:1332-1338.

Duyff RL . Your food away from home. In: Hornick B , Braun J , eds. The American Dietetic Association’s Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed Publishing; 1996:355-385.

Rolls BJ , Roe LS , Meengs JS , Wall DE . Increasing the portion size of a sandwich increases energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:367-372.

Diliberti N , Bordi PL , Conklin MT , et al. Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. Obes Res. 2004;12:562-568.

The National Alliance for Nutrition and Action (NANA) . From Wallet to Waistline: The Hidden Costs of Super Sizing. Washington, DC: The National Alliance for Nutrition and Action; 2002. Accessed at: http://www.preventioninstitute.org/portionsizerept.html. October 7, 2004.

Miller EC , Maropis CG . Nutrition and diet-related problems. Primary Care. 1998;25:193-210.

Blundell JE , Macdiarmid JI . Passive overconsumption. Fat intake and short-term energy balance. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1997;827:392-407.

Committee on Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Science-National Research Council . Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition . Statement on cholesterol. Pediatrics. 1992;90:469-473.

Thompson OM , Ballew C , Resnicow K , et al. Food purchased away from home as a predictor of change in BMI z-score among girls. Int J Obes. 2003;1-8.

Young LR , Nestle M . The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:246-249.

Rolls BJ , Engell D , Birch LL . Serving portion size influences 5-year-old but not 3-year-old children’s food intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:232-234.

Harel Z . New developments in adolescent nutrition. Med Health RI. 1999;1999:387-390.

Smiciklas-Wright H , Mitchell DC , Mickle SJ , et al. Foods commonly eaten in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1994-1996: are portion sizes changing? J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:41-47.

Young L , Nestle M . Expanding portion sizes in the U.S. marketplace: implications for nutrition counseling. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:231-234.

Nielsen SJ , Popkin BM . Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977-1998. JAMA. 2003;289:450-453.

Rolls B . The supersizing of America. Portion size and the obesity epidemic. Nutr Today. 2003;38:42-53.

McCrory MA , Fuss PJ , Hays NP , et al. Overeating in America: associations between restaurant food consumption and body fatness in healthy adult men and women ages 19 to 80. Obes Res. 1999;7:564-571.

Nielsen SJ , Siega-Riz AM , Popkin BM . Trends in food locations and sources among adolescents and young adults. Prev Med. 2002;35:107-113.

Gillis LJ , Bar-Or O . Food away from home, sugar-sweetened drink consumption and juvenile obesity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22:539-545.

French SA , Lin BH , Guthrie JF . National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years: prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1998. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:1326-1331.

Borrud L , Enns CW , Mickle S . What We Eat in America: USDA Surveys Food Consumption Changes. Washington, DC: Food Review, USDA Economic Research Service; 1996:14-19.

Nicklas TA , Demory-Luce D , Yang S-Y , et al. Children’s food consumption patterns have changed over two decades (1973-1994): The Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:1127-1140.

Guthrie JF , Morton JF . Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:43-48, 51.

Rampersaud GS , Bailey LB , Kauwell GP . National survey beverage consumption data for children and adolescents indicate the need to encourage a shift toward more nutritive beverages. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:97-100.

Guenther PM . Beverages in the diets of American teenagers. J Am Diet Assoc. 1986;86:493-499.

Harnack L , Stang J , Story M . Soft drink consumption among U.S. children and adolescents: nutritional consequences. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:436-441.

Ballew C , Kuester S , Gillespie C . Beverage choices affect adequacy of children’s nutrient intakes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:1148-1152.

Mrdjenovic BL . Nutritional and energetic consequences of sweetened drink consumption in 6- to 13-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2003;142:604-610.

Frary CD , Johnson RK , Wang MQ . Children and adolescents’ choices of foods and beverages high in added sugars are associated with intakes of key nutrients and food groups. J Adolesc Health. 2004;34:56-63.

Johnson RK , Panley C , Wang MQ . The association between noon beverage consumption and the diet quality of school-aged children. J Child Nutr Manag. 1998;22:95-100.

Frary CD , Johnson RK , Wang MQ . Children’s and adolescents’ choices of foods and beverages high in added sugars are associated with intakes of key nutrients and food groups. J Adolesc Health. 2004;34:56-63.

Forshee RA , Storey ML . Total beverage consumption and beverage choices among children and adolescents. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54:297-307.

Berkey CS , Rockett HR , Field AE , et al. Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obes Res. 2004;12:778-788.

Cullen KW , Ash DM , Warneke C , de Moor C . Intake of soft drinks, fruit-flavored beverages, and fruits and vegetables by children in grades 4 through 6. Am J Pub Health. 2002;92:1475-1478.

Nicklas TA , Baranowski T , Cullen KW , Berenson G . Eating patterns, dietary quality, and obesity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20:599-608.

Lyznicki NM , Young DC , Riggs JA , Davis RM , Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Obesity: assessment and management in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:2139-2145.

American Medical Association Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS), Recommendations Monograph. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 1997. Accessed at: http://www.amaassn.org/ama/upload/mm/39/gapsmono.pdf. October 7, 2004:3. The above is a monograph.

Kavey R-EW , Daniels SR , Lauer RM , et al. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. J Pediatr. 2003;142:368-372.

Krauss RM , Eckel RH , Howard B , et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines. Revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2000;31:2751-2766.

Harnack L , Stang J , Story M . Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents: nutritional consequences. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:436-441.

Neumark-Sztainer D , Story M , Perry C , Casey MA . Factors influencing food choices of adolescents: findings from focus-group discussions with adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:929-937.

McBean LD , Miller GD . Enhancing the nutrition of America’s youth. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:563.

O’Dea JA . Children and adolescents identify food concerns, forbidden foods, and food-related beliefs. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:970-973.

Kennedy E , Powell R . Changing eating patterns of American children: a view from 1996. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16:524-529.