1. Mackowiak PA, Bartlett JG, Borden EC, Goldblum SE, Hasday JD, Monford RS, et al. Concepts of fever: recent advances and lingering dogma. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(1):119-138.
2.
2. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 25th ed.Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1990:574-574.
3.
3. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 26th ed.Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1995:638-638.
4.
4. Kaiser Permanente. Fever in children: fears and facts. Kaiser Permanente NW: Library of Publications, 2000. On the World Wide Web [accessed August 28, 2000]: http://www.kaiserpermanente.org/toyourhealth/library/core-childfever.html.
5.
5. Kids Health. Fever. Kids Health: For Parents, 2000. On the World Wide Web [accessed August 28, 2000]: http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/emergencies/fever.html.
6.
6. Caspe WB, Chamudes O, Louie B.The evaluation and treatment of the febrile infant. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983;2(2):131-135.
7.
7. Mc Carthy PL, Sharp MR, Spiesel SZ, Dolan TF, Forsyth BW, De Witt TG, et al. Observation scales to identify serious illness in children. Pediatrics. 1982;70(5):802-809.
8.
8. Mayo Clinic. Health oasis. On the World Wide Web [accessed September 5, 2000]: http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/9610/htm/fever.htm.
9.
9. Saper CB, Breder CD.The neurologic basis of fever. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(26):1880-1886.
10.
10. Stein MT.Historical perspective on fever and thermometry. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):5-7.
11.
11. Beach PS, Mc Cormick DP.Clinical applications of ear thermometry [editorial]. Clin Pediatr. (Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):3-4.
12.
12. Davis K.The accuracy of tympanic temperature measurement in children. Pediatr Nurs. 1993;19(3):267-272.
13.
13. Hoffman C, Boyd M, Briere B, Loos F, Norton PJ.Evaluation of three brands of tympanic thermometer. Can JNurs Res. 1999;31(1):117-130.
14.
14. Hooker EA.Use of tympanic thermometers to screen for fever in patients in a pediatric emergency department. South Med J. 1993;86(8): 855-858.
15.
15. Lanham DM, Walker B, Klocke E, Jennings M.Accuracy of tympanic temperature readings in children under 6 years of age. Pediatr Nurs. 1999;25(1):39-42.
16.
16. Terndrup TE, Milewski A.The performance of two tympanic thermometers in a pediatric emergency department. Clin Pediatr. (Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):18-23; discussion 34-35.
17.
16 B.Shinozaki T, Deane R, Perkins FM.Infrared tympanic thermometer: the evaluation of a new clinical thermometer. Crit Care Med. 1998;16(2): 148-150.
18.
17. Chamberlain JM, Grandner J, Robinoff JL, Klein BL, Waisman Y, Huey M.Comparison of a tympanic thermometer to rectal and oral thermometers in a pediatric emergency department. Clin Pediatr. (Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):24-29; discussion 34-35.
19.
18. Bayley N, Stolz HR.Maturational changes in rectal temperatures of 61 infants from 1 to 36 months. Child Dev. 1937;8(3):195-206.
20.
19. Alexander D, Kelly B.Responses of children, parents, and nurses to tympanic thermometry in the Pediatric Office. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):53-56; discussion 60.
21.
20. Kelly B, Alexander D.Effect of otitis media on infrared tympanic thermometry. Clin Pediatr. (Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):46-48; discussion 49.
22.
21. Alexander D, Kelly B.Cost effectiveness of tympanic thermometry in a pediatric office setting. Clin Pediatr(Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):57-59; discussion 60.
23.
22. Pransky SM.The impact of technique and conditions of the tympanic membrane upon infrared tympanic thermometry. Clin Pediatr. (Phila) 1991;30(4 Suppl):50-52; discussion 60.
24.
23. Graneto JW, Soglin DF.Maternal screening of childhood fever by palpation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12(3):183-184.
25.
24. Singhi S, Sood V.Reliability of subjective assessment of fever by mothers. Indian Pediatr1990;27(8):811-815.
26. Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, Leon LR, Soszynski D.The adaptive value of fever. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1996;10(1):1-20.
28.
27. Vane JR, Botting RM.Anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanism of action. Inflamm Res. 1998;47(Suppl 2):S78-S87.
29.
28. Schwartz JI, Chan CC, Mukhopadhyay S, Mc Brode KJ, Jones TM, Adcock S, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by rofecoxib reverses naturally occurring fever in humans. Clin Pharmacol Thea1999;65(6):653-660.
30.
29. Luheshi GN.Cytokines and fever. Mechanisms and sites of action. Ann N YAcad Sci. 1998;856:83-89.
31.
30. Krueger JM, Fang J, Taishi P, Chen Z, Kushikata T, Gardi J. Sleep. A physiologic role for IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;856:148-159.
32.
31. Stock MJ.Gluttony and thermogenesis revisited. Ins J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(11):1105-1117.
33.
32. Cannon B, Houstek J, Nedergaard JBrown adipose tissue. More than an effector of thermogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;856:171-187.
34.
33. Cannon JGAdaptive interactions between cytokines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonaldal axis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;856:234-242.
35.
34. Plata-Salaman CR.Cytokine-induced anorexia. Behavioral, cellular, and molecular mechanisms. Ann NYAcad Sci. 1998;856:160-170.
36. Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, Leon LR, Soszynski D.Role of fever in disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;856:224-233.
38.
37. Mackowiak PA, Plaisance KI.Benefits and risks of antipyretic therapy. Ann NYAcad Sci. 1998;856:214-223.
39.
38. Kliegman RM, Behrman BE.Fever as a manifestation of serious bacterial disease. In: Behrman RE, editor. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 14th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1992:648-650.
40.
39. Henker R.Evidence based practice: fever-related interventions. Am J Crit Care. 1999;8(1):481-487; quiz 488-489.
41.
40. Hasday JD, Fairchild KD, Shanholtz C.The role of fever in the infected host. Microbes Infect. 2000;2 (15):1891-1904.
42.
41. Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Russell JA, Schein R, Summer WR, Steinberg KP, et al. The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis. The Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group. N Eng J Med. 1997;336(13):912-918.
43.
42. Arons MM, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Christman BW, Russell JA, Schein R, et al. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(4):699-707.
44.
43. Dinarello CA.Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as mediators in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Chest. 1997;112(6 Suppl): 321S-329S.
45.
44. Pernerstorfer T, Schmid R, Beiglmayer C, Eichler HG, Kapiotis S, Jilma B.Acetaminophen has greater antipyretic efficacy than aspirin in endotoxemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;66(1):51-57.
46.
45. Schmitt BD.Fever phobia. Am JDis Child. 1980;134(2):176-181.
47.
46. Practice parameter: long-term treatment of the child with simple febrile seizures. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures. Pediatrics. 1999;103(6 Pt 1):1307-1309.
48.
47. Steele RW, Tanaka PT, Lara RP, Bass JW. Evaluation of sponging and of oral antipyretic therapy to reducefever.J Pediatrics. 1970;77(5):824-829.
49.
48. Walson PD, Galletta G, Braden NJ, Alexander L.Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and placebo treatment of febrile children. Clin Pharmacol Ther1989;46(1):9-17.
50.
49B. Drug Facts and Comparisons, 1999 Acetominophen. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons.
51.
49. Kauffman RE, Sawyer LA, Scheinbaum ML.Antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen vs acetaminophen. Am J Dis Child. 1992;146(5):622-625.
52.
50. Bien JP, Heubij E Reply [letter]. In: Ibuprofen and/or acetaminophen: what price for "euthermia"?J Pediatr1997;131 (2):332-333.
53.
51. Mayoral CE, Marino RV, Rosenfeld W, Greensher JAlternating antipyretics: is this an alternative?Pediatrics. 2000;105(5):1009-1012.
54.
51B. Orlowski JP.Whatever happened to Reye Syndrome? Did it ever really exist?Crit Care Med. 1999;27(8):1582-1587.
55.
52. Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, Khan AS, Shahriari A, Schonberger LB.Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(18):1377-1382.
56.
52B. Gunn AJ, Gluckman PD.Should we try to prevent hyperthermia after cardiac arrest?Pediatrics. 2000;106 (1 Pt 1):132-133.
57.
52C. Hickey RW, Kochanek PN, Ferimer H, Graham SH, Safer P.Hypothermia and hyperthermia in children after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Pediatrics. 2000;106 (1 Pt 1):118-122.
58.
53. Lieberman E, Lang J, Richardson DK, Frigoletto FD, Heffner LJ, Cohen A.Intrapartum maternal fever and neonatal outcome. Pediatrics. 2000;105(1 Pt 1):8-13.
59.
54. Tuffnell CS, Petersen SA, Wailoo MP.Factors affecting rectal temperature in infancy. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73(5):443-446.
60.
55. Jackson JA, Petersen SA, Wailoo MP.Body temperature changes before minor illness in infants. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71(1):80-83.
61.
56. Baker MD, Avner JR, Bell LM.Failure of infant observation scales in detecting serious illness in febrile, 4-8 week old infants. Pediatrics. 1990;85 (6): 1040-1043.
62.
57. Teach S, Fleisher G, Group OBSEfficacy of an observation scale in detecting bactermia in febrile children three to thirty-six months of age, treated as outpatients. Occult Bacteremia Study Group. J Pediatr. 1995;126(6):877-881.
63.
58. Mackowiak PA.Concepts of fever. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(17):1870-1881.
64.
59. Jenkins JK, Carey PD, Byrne K, Sugerman HJ, Fowler AA 3rd. Sepsis-induced lung injury and the effects of ibuprofen pretreatment. Analysis of early alveolar events via repetitive bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143(1):155-161.
65.
60. Jacobs RF, Tabor DR.The immunology of sepsis and meningitis-cytokine biology. Scand J Infect Dis. Suppl1990;73:7-15.
66.
61. Saez-Llorens X,Jafari HS, Olsen KD, Nariuchi H, Hansen EJ, Mc Cracken GH Jr.Induction of suppurative arthritis in rabbits by Haemophilus endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-I beta. J Infect Dis. 1991;163(6):1267-1272.
67.
62. Rook GA, al Attiyah R.Cytokines and the Koch phenomenon. Tubercle. 1991;72(1):13-20.
68.
63. Habicht GS, Katona LI, Benach JL.Cytokines and the pathogenesis of neuroborreliosis: Borrelia burgdorferi induces glioma cells to secrete interleukin-6. J Infect Dis. 1991;164 (3):568-574.
69.
64. Mc Intire SC, Rubenstein RC, Gartner JC Jr, Gilboa N, Ellis D.Acute flank pain and reversible renal dysfunction associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Pediatrics. 1993;92 (3):459-460.
70.
65. Hennekens CH, Buring JE.Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company; 1987. 392-392