This article discusses the applications of linguistic markers for "Jew," "Israel," and other terms in the ancient world. Ancient usage indicates that Ioudaios changed from being primarily an ethno-geographic ("Judean") to a primarily religio-cultural ("Jew") term. This change prepared for the sometimes positive, but predominantly negative, Christian use of the term as a boundary marker. Christian appropriation of "Israel" was different; here the positive uses outweigh the negative. By contrast the positive or neutral sense of "Hebrew(s)" was shared by Jewish and Christian sources alike.
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