The liturgical program at Cluny was directed toward a struggle against demons. Demons attacked souls in this world by bringing plague and violence, and in the next world, by punishing sinful souls. This article discusses how concern about such demons drew upon an ancient tradition regarding the pervasive influence of demons. The monks at Cluny sought to end this demonic tyranny. The battle for souls at Cluny reached a highpoint with the introduction of the Feast of All Souls' Day between 1024 and 1033 by the powerful Abbot Odilo.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Albinus, Lars1995 "Greek demons and the ambivalence of Clemens Alexandrinus ." Temenos31: 7-17.
2.
Atto (Bishop of Vercelli, 924-961)1878Expositio in epistolas. In J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina [hereafter cited as PL], 134: 403. Paris: Lutetiae Parisiorum, Apud J.-P. Migne, 1878 - 1890.
3.
Barthélemy, Dominique1997 "La paix de Dieu dans son contexte (989-1041)." Cahiers de civilisation médiévale40: 3-35.
4.
Bôcher, Otto1972Christus Exorcista. Dämonismus und Taufe im Neuen Testament. Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament, Fünfte Folge 16. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer .
5.
Boethius (d.524)1977Philosophiae consolationis. Edited by K. Büchner.Editiones Heidelbergenses 11. Heidelberg : Carl Winter Verlag.
6.
Boniface (Bishop of Mainz, ca. 675-754)1916Die Briefe des Heiligen Bonifatius und Lullus. S. Bonifatii et Lullii epistolae. Edited by M. Tangl.Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae Selectae, 1 . Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung .
7.
Bousset, W.1915 "Zur Dämonologie der späteren Antike." Archiv für Religionswissenschaft18: 134-72.
8.
Bremmer, J.N.1999 "The birth of the term 'magic.'" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik126: 1-12.
9.
Dierkens, Alain1998 "Christianisme et 'paganisme' dans la Gaule septentrionale auz Ve et VIe siècles" In Dieter Geuenich (ed.), Die Franken und die Alemannen bis zur "Schlacht bei Zülpich" (496/97). Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 19. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
10.
Duby, Georges1980The Three Orders. Translated by A. Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11.
Dumas, A., ed. 1981Liber Sacramentorum Gellonensis. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina 159. Turnhout: Brepols.
12.
Emmo (fl. ca. 804-812)1878Liber de qualitate caelestis patriae ex sanctorum patrum opusculis excerptus. Printed among the works of Haymo of Halberstadt under the title De varietate librorum sive de amore caelestis patriae libri tres. PL 118: 875-958.
13.
1942"Un ancien recueil de leçons pour les vigiles des défunts." Translated by Jean Leclercq. Revue Bénédictine , 54: 16-40.
14.
Evans-Wentz, W. Y., ed. 2000[1927] The Tibetan Book of the Dead, or The After-Death Experiences on the Bardo Plane. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15.
Fontinoy, Charles1989"Les anges et les démons de l'Ancien Testament." In Anges et démons. Actes du colloque de Liège et de Louvain-la-Neuve 25-26 novembre 1987. Homo Religiosus14: 117-34. Louvain-la-Neuve: Centre d'histoire des Religions.
16.
Fränkel, Hermann1973Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy: A History of Greek Epic, Lyric and Prose to the Middle of the Fifth Century. Translated by Moses Hadas and James Willis. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
17.
Geuenich, Dieter1991 " The St. Gall Confraternity of prayer." In James C. King and Werner Vogler (eds.), The Culture of the Abbey of St. Gall. An Overview, 29-38. Stuttgart: Belser .
18.
Hallam, Elizabeth M. and Judith Everard2001Capetian France, 987-1328. 2nd ed. London: Longmans.
19.
Hallinger, Kassius
20.
1971 "The spiritual life of Cluny in the early days" In Noreen Hunt (ed.), Cluniac Monasticism in the Central Middle Ages, 29-55. Hamden, CT: Archon.
21.
Heath, Robert G.1976Crux Imperatorum Philosophia: Imperial Horizons of the Cluniac Confraternitas, 964-1109. Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series 13. Pittsburg, PA: Pickwick Press .
22.
Heiming, O., ed. 1984Liber sacramentorum augustodunensis. Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, 99B. Turnholt: Brepols.
23.
Hourlier, Jacques1949 "Saint Odilon et la fête des morts." Revue Gregorienne28: 209-12.
24.
Iogna-prat, Dominique2003Order and Exclusion: Cluny and Christendom Face Heresy, Judaism and Islam, 1000-1150. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
25.
1998 "The dead in the celestial bookkeeping of the Cluniac monks around the year 1000. In Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, 340-62. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
26.
Jones, Christopher A.2000A Lost Work by Amalarius of Metz: Interpolations in Salisbury. Cathedral Library, MS.154. Henry Bradshaw Society Subsidia2. London: Boydell.
27.
Jotsald (Abbot of St. -Claude, d. ca. 1052-1054)1999Vita Odilonis et carmina auctore Iotsaldo / Iotsald von Saint-Claude, Vita des Abtes Odilo von Cluny. Edited by Johannes Staub.Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rerum germanicarum in usum scholarum 68. Hanover : Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
28.
Kelly, Henry Ansgar1964 "The devil in the desert." The Catholic Biblical Quarterly26: 190-220.
29.
1974The Devil, Demonology and Witchcraft: The Development of Christian Beliefs in Evil Spirits. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
30.
Le Goff, Jacques1984The Birth of Purgatory. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31.
Limet, Henri1989 "Les démons méchants de la Babylonie " In Anges et démons.Actes du colloque de Liège et de Louvain-la-Neuve 25-26 novembre 1987. Homo Religiosus 14: 21-35. Louvain-la-Neuve: Centre d'histoire des Religions.
32.
Lesieur, Thierry2003 "Modèle clunisien de la justice divine et mode de la rationalité." Cahiers de civilisation médiévale46: 3-21.
33.
Lôwith, Karl1949Meaning in History. Chicago: University of Chicago.
34.
Méhu, Didier2001Paix et communautés autour de l'abbaye de Cluny (Xe-XVe siècle). Collection de'histoire et d'archéologie médiévales 9 . Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
35.
Neiske, Franz2002 " La tradition nécrologique d'Adélaïde ." In Patrick Corbe, Monique Goullet and Dominique Iogna-Prat (eds.), Adélaïde de Bourgogne. Genèse et représentation d'une sainteté impériale, 81-93. Dijon.
36.
Ntedika, Joseph Konde1971L'Évocation de l'au-delà dans la prière pour les morts. Étude de patristique et de liturgie latines (IVe-VIIIe s.). Recherches africaines de théologie, 2. Louvain : Éditions Nauwelaerts.
37.
Odilo (Abbot of Cluny, 962- ca. 1048)1878 a Statutum de defunctis, PL 142: 1037-38.
38.
1878b Sermon 6: De eadem resurrectione Domini, PL 142: 1005-9.
39.
Pacaut, M.1986L'Ordre de Cluny (909-1789). Paris: Fayard.
40.
Poly, Jean-Pierre and Eric Bournazel1991The Feudal Transformation, 900-1200. Translated by Caroline Higgitt. New York: Holmes & Meier.
41.
Prinz, Friedrich1980"Il monachesimo occidentale." In Passaggio dal mondo antico al medio evo da Teodosio a san Gregorio Magno, 415-34. Roma, 25-28 maggio 1977; Atti dei convegni Lincei 45. Rome: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei.
42.
Rosenwein, Barbara1982Rhinoceros Bound. Cluny in the Tenth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
43.
1989To Be the Neighbor of St. Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny's Property, 909-1049. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
44.
Rouët de Journel, M.J.1962Enchiridion patristicum. Loci ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorum ecclesiasticorum. 22nd ed. Barcelona : Herder.
45.
Staub, Johannes1999Studien zu Iotsalds Vita des Abtes Odilo von Cluny. Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte 24. Hannover : Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
46.
Straw, Carol1988Gregory the Great. Perfection in Imperfection. Berkeley: University of California Press .
47.
Taio (Bishop of Saragossa, ca. 600-683)1930Taionis et Isidori Nova fragmenta et opera. Edited by Eduard Anspach.Madrid: Imprenta de C. Bermejo.
48.
Teyssèdre, Bernard1985Naissance du Diable, de Babylone aux grottes de la mer Morte. Paris: Albin Michel .
49.
Vaccari, A.1945 "Il genuino commento ai Salmi di Remigio di Auxerre ." Biblia26: 52-99.
50.
Van den Born, A., ed. 1966-1969"Demon" In Bijbels Woordenboek1: 273-74. Roermond: Romen & Zonen.
51.
Van Uytfanghe, Marc1989 " Platonisme et eschatologie chrétienne: Leur symbiose graduelle dans les Passions et les panégyriques des martyrs et dans les biographies spirituelles (IIe-VIe s.)" In A. A. R. Bastiaensen , A. Hilhorst, C. H. Kneepkens (eds.), Fructus Centesimus. Mélanges offerts à Gerard J.M. Bartelink. Instrumenta Patristica 19. Steenbruge: In Abbatia S. Petri.
52.
Vingtain, Dominique1998L'Abbaye de Cluny. Centre de l'occident médiévale. Éditions du patrimoine. Paris: CNRS.
53.
Wemple, Suzanne Fonay1979Atto of Vercelli: Church State and Christian Society in Tenth Century Italy. Temi e testi 27. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
54.
Werminghoff, A.1893Epistola Karoli magni ad Elipandum et episcopos Hispaniae. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Concilia 2, 1: 164. Hanover : Impensis Bibliopoli Hahniani.
55.
Wilmart, André1922 "Lettres de l'époque carolingienne" Revue Bénédictine34: 234-45.
56.
Wilmart, André, and Louis Brou1953 "Un office monastique pour le 2 novembre dans le Nord de la France au XIe siècle." Sacris Erudiri5: 247-330.
57.
Wollasch, Joachim1996Cluny - "Licht der Welt." Aufsteig und Niedergang der klösterlichen Gemeinschaft. Dusseldorf: Artemis & Winkler Verlag.
