Economic Sanctions

See H. Feis , Three International Episodes: Seen from E.A (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1966), pp. 193-294.

See D. Losman , International Economic Sanctions: The Boycotts of Cuba, Israel and Rhodesia , University of Florida dissertation, 1969.

Ibid., pp. 125-135.

The above difficulties were probably at a minimum in the Rhodesian instance. Hence, one excellent study, utilizing input-output analysis, was able to predict that Rhodesian national product would fall by no more than 5 per cent, which was a remarkably accurate projection. See Timothy Curtin and David Murray, Economic Sanctions and Rhodesia (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1967).

Increased transport costs for petroleum and other products available from the Arab world represent one major area of direct costs.

Bureau of International Commerce, "Three Mexican Citizens Denied U.S. Privileges," August 8, 1963.

Sanctions against Rhodesia have been quite effective with regard to tobacco exports, particularly since Rhodesian tobacco is of an easily distinguishable variety and since world tobacco supplies (especially when stockpiles are included) are abundant. Thus, when economic and "moral" interests coincide, the boycott has tended to be efficacious. For those Rhodesian exports which are in short supply on the world market, however, such as minerals, purchasers have been found without great difficulty.

"Loopholes in Sanctions," African Digest, October, 1967, p. 148.

Losman, Op. Cit., pp. 237-241, 264-265.

John Galtung , "On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions ," World Politics, April, 1967, p. 390.

Ibid., p. 392.

See A.M. Hawkins , "The Rhodesian Economy Under Sanctions," Rhodesian Journal of Economics, August, 1967, p. 48.

Galtung, op. cit., p. 389.

Losman, op. cit., pp. 117-148.

This is particularly evident in the Rhodesian situation, but clearly true in the Israeli and Cuban cases as well.

This has characterized both Cuban and Rhodesian production after inventories of foreign supplies disappeared.