The role of chondrocyte–matrix interactions in maintaining and repairing articular cartilage

Abstract

Throughout life chondrocytes maintain the articular cartilage matrix by replacing degraded macromolecules and respond to focal cartilage injury or degeneration by increasing local synthesis activity. These observations suggest that mechanisms exist within articular cartilage that stimulate chondrocyte anabolic activity in response to matrix degradation or damage. An important cartilage anabolic factor, insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), appears to have a role in stimulating chondrocyte anabolic activity. Although IGF‐I is ubiquitous, its bioavailability is controlled by a class of secreted proteins, IGF binding proteins (IGFPBs). Of the six known IGFPBs, IGFBP‐3 is the most abundant in human articular cartilage. We recently found that with increasing age, articular chondrocytes increase their expression of IGFBP‐3. This observation led us to investigate the potential role of IGFBP‐3 in chondrocyte–matrix interactions. Using immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy we found that IGFBP‐3 accumulates with increasing age in the chondrocyte territorial matrix where it co‐localizes with fibronectin, but not with tenascin‐C or type VI collagen. Using purified proteins we demonstrated that IGFBP‐3 binds to fibronectin in a dose dependent manner, but not to tenascin‐C. In vitro studies showed that IGFBP‐3 alone inhibited chondrocyte synthetic activity while intact fibronectin alone significantly stimulated activity. When fibronectin and IGFBP‐3 were combined we found that the inhibitory activity of low concentrations of IGFPB‐3 was enhanced. These observations indicate that in mature articular cartilage IGF‐I is stored in the chondrocyte territorial matrix through binding to a complex of IGFPB‐3 and intact fibronectin. Storage of IGF‐I of the territorial matrix may help maintain a relatively constant level of available IGF‐I and the local increase in matrix synthesis following matrix damage may result from release of IGF‐I. This mechanism may have an important role in maintaining and repairing articular cartilage and failure of this mechanism may lead to progressive articular cartilage degeneration.