Punishment and its Behavioural Outcomes: Application of Research Evidence to the Modification of Behaviour

Bandura A. Principles of Behaviour Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.

Hall R. V. Lund D. Jackson D. “Effects of Teacher Attention on Study Behavior.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 1, 1968, 1–12.

Ward M. H. Baker B. L. “Reinforcement Therapy in the Classroom.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 1, 1968, 323–328.

O'Leary K. D. Becker W. C. Evans M. B. Saudargas R. A. “A Token Reinforcement Program in a Public School: A Replication and Systematic Analysis.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 2, 1969, 3–13.

O'Connor R. D. “Modification of Social Withdrawal Through Symbolic Modeling.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 2, 1969, 15–22.

Zimmerman E. H. Zimmerman J. Russell C. D. “Differential Effects of Token Reinforcement on Instruction-Following Behavior in Retarded Students Instructed as a Group.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 2, 1969, 101–112.

Clarke A. M. McKenzie I. C. “The Application of Learning Theory to Pupil Management: Some Suggested Procedures.” Aust. J. Educ., 11, 1967, 142–151.

Church R. M. “The Varied Effects of Punishment on Behavior.” Psychol. Rev., 70, 1963, 369–402.

Ferster C. B. “Classification of Behavioral Pathology.” Krasner L. Ullmann L. P. (Eds.) Research in Behavior Modification: New Developments and Implications. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965, 6–26, 18.

Parke R. D. Walters R. H. “Some Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Punishment Training for Inducing Response Inhibition.” Soc. Res. Child. Develpm., Monographs, 32, No. 1, 1967, No. 109.

Larson K. G. Karpas M. R. Effective Secondary School Discipline. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964.

Gaskell J. H. A. “Children and Punishment: A Scottish Attitude Survey.” Durham Res. Rev., 11, 1960, 12–26.

Department of Education and Science. Children and Their Primary Schools. A Report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England). London: H.M.S.O. 1967, para. 743.

The Times Educational Supplement. “Scottish Faith in the Power of the Rod.” No. 2658, Friday, April 29, 1966, p. 1307.

Amsel A. Ward J. S. “Motivational Properties of Frustration: II. Frustration Drive Stimulus and Frustration Reduction in Selective Learning.” J. exp. Psychol., 48, 1954, 37–47.

Turner L. H. Solomon R. L. “Human Traumatic Avoidance Learning: Theory and Experiments on the Operant-Respondent Distinction and Failures to Learn.” Psychol. Monogr., 76, 40 1962.

Mowrer O. H. Learning Theory and Behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960.

Parke R. D. “Effectiveness of Punishment as an Interaction of Intensity, Timing, Agent Nurturance, and Cognitive Structuring.” Child Developm., 40, 1969, 213–235.

Hilgard E. R. Bower G. H. Theories of Learning. (Third Edition.) New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966.

Ferster C. B. Perrott Mary C. Behavior Principles. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968.

Weingartner H. Sheehan J. “Uncertainty of Punishment and Free Recall.” Proc. Amer. Psychol. Soc., 76th Annual Conv., 3, 1968, 135–136.

Mowrer O. H. Learning Theory and the Symbolic Processes. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960.

Solomon R. L. “Punishment.” Hall J. F. (Ed.) Readings in the Psychology of Learning. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co., 1967, 194–217.

Skinner B. F. The Technology of Teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968.

Bijou S. W. “Theory and Research in Mental (Developmental) Retardation.” Bijou S. W. Baer D. M. (Eds.) Child Development: Readings in Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967, 256–272.

Walters R. H. Parke R. D. “Influence of Response Consequences to a Social Model on Resistance to Deviation.” J. exp. Child Psychol., 1, 1964, 269–280.

Bandura A. “Behavioral Modifications Through Modeling Procedures.” Krasner L. Ullmann L. P. (Eds.) Research in Behavior Modification: New Developments and Implications. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965, 310–340.

Azrin N. H. “Sequential Effects of Punishment.” Science, 131, 1960, 605–606.

Holz W. C. Azrin N. H. “Discriminative Properties of Punishment.” J. exp. Anal. Behav., 4, 1961, 225–232.

Azrin N. H. Holz W. C. “Punishment.” Honig W. K. (Ed.) Operant Behavior: Areas of Research and Application. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966, 380–447.

Powell J. Azrin N. “The Effects of Shock as a Punisher for Cigarette Smoking.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 1, 1968, 63–71.

Ferster C. B. “Reinforcement and Punishment in the Control of Human Behavior by Social Agencies.” Psychiat. Res. Reps., 10, 1958, 101–118.

Vogel-Sprott M. “After-effects of Punishment on Human Behavior.” Br. J. Psychol., 60, 1969, 85–90.

Honig W. K. (Ed.) Operant Behavior: Areas of Research and Application. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966.

Krasner L. Ullmann L. P. (Eds.), Research in Behavior Modification: New Developments and Implications. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.

Bijou S. W. Baer D. M. (Eds.), Child Development: Readings in Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.

Ulrich R. Stachnik T. Mabry J. (Eds.), Control of Human Behavior. Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Co., 1966.

Sears R. R. Maccoby E. E. Levin H. Patterns of Child Rearing. Evanston: Row, Peterson, 1957.

Herman R. L. Azrin N. H. “Punishment by Noise in an Alternative Response Situation.” J. exp. Anal. Behav., 7, 1964, 185–188.

Birnbrauer J. S. “Generalization of Punishment Effects — A Case Study.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 1, 1968, 201–211.

Lovaas O. I. Schaeffer B. Simmons J. Q. “Building Social Behaviour in Autistic Children by Use of Electric Shock.” J. exp. Res. Personal., 1, 1965, 99–109.

Walters R. H. Demkow L. “Timing of Punishment as a Determinant of Response Inhibition.” Child Developm., 34, 1963, 207–214.

Warden C. J. Diamond S. “A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Delayed Punishment on Learning in the White Rat.” J. genet. Psychol., 39, 1931, 455–461.

Azrin N. H. “Some Effects of Two Intermittent Schedules of Immediate and Non-immediate Punishment.” J. Psychol., 42, 1956, 3–21.

Azrin N. H. “Some Effects of Noise on Human Behavior.” J. exp. Anal. Behav., 1, 1958, 183–200.

Aronfreed J. Reber A. “Internalized Behavioral Suppression and the Timing of Social Punishment.” J. Personality and Social Psychol., 1, 1965, 3–16.

Walters R. H. Parke R. D. Cane V. A. “Timing of Punishment and the Observation of Consequences to Others as Determinants of Response Inhibition.” J. exp. Child Psychol., 2, 1965, 10–30.

Cheyne J. A. Walters R. H. “Intensity of Punishment, Timing of Punishment and Cognitive Structure as Determinants of Response Inhibition”. J. exp. Child Psychol., 7, 1969, 231–244.

Lichtenstein P. E. “Studies of Anxiety: 1. The Production of a Feeding Inhibition in Dogs.” J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 43, 1950, 16–29.

Beach F. A. Conovitz M. W. Steinberg F. Goldstein A. C. “Experimental Inhibition and Restoration of Mating Behavior in Male Rats.” J. genet. Psychol., 89, 1956, 165–181.

Masserman J. H. Behavior and Neurosis. New York: Hafner Pub. Co., 1964.

Lazarus A. A. “The Treatment of a Sexually Inadequate Man.” Ullmann L. P. Krasner L. (Eds.) Case Studies in Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965, 243–245.

Reese E. P. “The Analysis of Human Operant Behavior.” Vernon J. (Ed.) Introduction to Psychology: A Self Selection Textbook. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Co., 1966.

Risley T. R. “The Effects and Side Effects of Punishing the Autistic Behaviors of a Deviant Child.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 1, 1968, 21–34.

Weinstein L. “Decreased Sensitivity to Punishment.” Psychon. Sci., 14, 1969, 264–266.

Whiting J. W. M. Child I. L. Child Training and Personality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.

Bandura A. Walters R. H. Adolescent Aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.

Watson J. B. Raynor R. “Emotional Reactions and Psychological Experimentation.” Amer. J. Psychol., 28, 1917, 163–174.

Kounin J. S. Gump P. V. “The Comparative Influence of Punitive and Nonpunitive Teachers Upon Childrens' Concepts of School Misconduct.” J. Educ. Psychol., 52, 1961, 44–49.

Malmo R. B. “Activation: A Neuropsychological Dimension.” Psychol. Rev., 66, 1959, 367–386.

Levitt E. E. The Psychology of Anxiety. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1967.

Symonds P. M. What Education Has to Learn from Psychology. Bureau of Publications, T.C., Columbia, 30–31.

Welford A. T. “Arousal, Channel-capacity and Decision.” Nature, 194, 1962, 365–366.

Lacey J. I. Lacey B. C. “The Relationship of Resting Autonomic Activity to Motor Impulsivity.” The Brain and Human Behavior. Res. Pub. Assn. Nerv. Dis. Baltimore: Williams and Williams, 1958.

Furneaux W. D. “The Psychologist and the University.” Univ. Quart., 17, 1962, 33–47.

Hollenberg E. Sperry M. “Some Antecedents of Aggression and Effects of Frustration in Doll Play.” Quart. J. Personality, 1, 1951, 32–43.

Sears R. R. Whiting J. W. M. Nowlis V. Sears P. S. “Some Child-Rearing Antecedents of Aggression and Dependency in Young Children.” Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 47, 1953, 135–234.

Kounin J. S. Gump P. V. Ryan J. J. “Explorations in Classroom Management.” J. Teacher Educ., 12, 1961, 235–246.

Azrin N. H. Hutchinson R. R. McLaughlin R. “The Opportunity for Aggression as an Operant Reinforcer during Aversive Stimulation.” J. exp. Anal. Behav., 8, 1965, 171–180.

Bandura A. “Punishment Revisited.” J. consult. Psychol., 26, 1962, 298–301.

Rothbart M. “Factors Influencing the Use of Reward and Punishment by Subjects Attempting Behavior Modification.” Proc. Amer. Psychol. Soc., 76th Ann. Conv., 3, 1968, 393–394.

Skinner B. F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan Co., 1953, Ch. 12, “Punishment”, 182–193.

Skinner B. F. Cumulative Record. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1961.

Travers R. M. W. Reid I. E. Van Wagenen R. K. “Research on Reinforcement and its Implications in Education.” J. Teacher Educ., 15, 1964, 223–229.

Yates A. J. Frustration and Conflict. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1962.

National Foundation for Educational Research. A Survey of Rewards and Punishments in Schools. London: Newnes Educational Publishing Co. Ltd., 1952.

Thomas D. R. Becker W. C. Armstrong M. “Production and Elimination of Disruptive Classroom Behavior by Systematically Varying Teacher's Behavior.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 1, 1968, 35–45.

Madsen C. H. Becker W. C. Thomas D. R. Koser L. Plager E. “An Analysis of the Reinforcing Function of Sit-Down Commands.” Parker R. K. (Ed.) Readings in Educational Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc., 1968, 265–278.

Homme L. E. de Baca P. C. Devine J. V. Steinhorst R. Rickert E. J. “Use of the Premack Principle in Controlling the Behavior of Nursery School Children.” J. exp. Anal Behav., 6, 1963, 544.

Madsen C. H. Becker W. C. Thomas D. R. “Rules, Praise and Ignoring: Elements of Elementary Classroom Control.” J. app. Behav. Anal., 1, 1968, 139–150.

Wahler R. G. “Child-Child Interactions in Free Field Settings: Some Experimental Analyses.” J. exp. Child Psychol., 5, 1967, 278–293.