Intra-Individual Factors Affecting Lipid,Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein Measurement: A Review

Laboratory Standardisation Panel. Current status of blood cholesterol measurement in clinical laboratories in the United States: A report from the Laboratory Standardisation Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 193–201.

European Atherosclerosis Society. Prevention of coronary heart disease: Scientific background and new clinical guidelines. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1992; 2: 113–56.

Betteridge DJ Dodson PM Hughes EA Laker MF Nicholls DP Rees JAE Detection and management of hyperlipidaemia. Guidelines of the British Hyperlipidaemia Association. Postgrad Med J 1993; 69: 359–69.

Freemantle N Long A Mason J Sheldon T Song F Wilson C. Cholesterol: Screening and treatment. Effect Hlth Care 1993; 6: 1–8.

Smith GD Song F Sheldon TA . Cholesterol lowering and mortality: The importance of considering initial level of risk. BMJ 1993; 306: 1367–73.

Packard CJ Bell MA Eaton RH Dagen MM Cassidy M Shepherd J. A pilot scheme for the standardisation of serum cholesterol measurement in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: 387–93.

Rao DC Morton NE Gulbrandsen CL Rhoads GG Kagan A Yee S. Cultural and biological determinants of lipoprotein concentrations. Ann Hum Genet 1979; 42: 467–77.

Rao DC Laskarzewski PM Morrison JA Khoury P Kelly K Wette R The Cincinnati Lipid Research Clinic Family Study: Cultural and biological determinants of lipids and lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Hum Genet 1982; 34: 888–903.

Friedlander Y Kark JD Stein Y. Biological and environmental sources of variation in plasma lipids and lipoproteins: The Jerusalem lipid research clinic. Hum Hered 1986; 36: 143–53.

Kafonek SD Derby CA Bachorik PS . Biological variability of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in patients referred to a lipid clinic. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 864–7.

Brown SA Boerwinkle E Kashanian FK Swanson N Patsch W. Variation in concentrations of lipids, lipoprotein lipids, and apolipoproteins A-1 and B in plasma from healthy women. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 207–10.

Cooper GR Myers GL Smith SJ Schlant RC . Blood lipid measurements. Variations and practical utility. J Am Med Assoc 1992; 267: 1652–60.

Demacker PNM Schade RWB Jansen RTP Van't Laar A. Intra-individual variation of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in normal humans. Atherosclerosis 1982; 45: 259–66.

Wasenius A Stugaard M Otterstad JE Froyshov D. Diurnal and monthly intra-individual variability of the concentration of lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990; 50: 635–42.

Miettinen TA . Diurnal variation of cholesterol precursors squalene and methyl sterols in human plasma lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 466–73.

Jones PJH Schoeller DA . Evidence for diurnal periodicity in human cholesterol synthesis. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 667–73.

Terpstra J Hessel LW Seepers J van Gent CM . The influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and cortisol levels in normal subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 1978; 8: 61–6.

Romon M Nuttens M-C Fievet C Pot P Bard JM Furon D Increased triglyceride levels in shift workers. Am J Med 1992; 93: 259–62.

Rippey RM . Overview: Seasonal variations in cholesterol. Prev Med 1981; 10: 655–9.

Robinson D Bevan EA Hinohara S Takahashi T. Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels—evidence from the UK and Japan. Atherosclerosis 1992; 95: 15–24.

Gordon DJ Trost DC Hyde J Whaley FS Hannan PJ Jacobs DR Jr Seasonal cholesterol cycles: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial placebo group. Circulation 1987; 76: 1224–31.

Lockitch JR Halstead AC Alberstein S MacCallum C Quigley A. Age and sex specific paediatric reference intervals for biochemistry analytes as measured with the Ektachem-700 analyser. Clin Chem 1980; 34: 1622–5.

Scott PH Wharton BA . Biochemical values in the newborn. In: Roberton N , ed. Textbook of Neonatology, 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 1213–29.

Clayton BE Jenkins P Round JR . Paediatric Chemical Pathology: Clinical Tests and Reference Ranges. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980.

Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1979; 60: 427–39.

Tamir I Heiss G Glueck CJ Christensen B Kwiterovich P Rifkind BM . Lipid and lipoprotein distributions in white children ages 6–19 yr. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. J Chronic Dis 1981; 34: 27–39.

Heiss G Tamir I Davis CE Tyroler HA Rifkind BM Schonfeld G Lipoprotein-cholesterol distributions in selected North American populations; the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1980; 61: 302–15.

Low-Beer TS Wicks ACB Heaton KW Durrington P Yeates J. Fluctuations of serum and bile lipid concentrations during the menstrual cycle. BMJ 1977; 1: 1568–70.

Hemer HA de Bourges VV Ayala JJ Brito G Díaz-Sánchez V Garza-Flores J. Variations in serum lipids and lipoproteins throughout the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 1985; 44: 80–4.

Jones DY Judd JT Taylor PR Campbell WS Nair PP . Menstrual cycle effect on plasma lipids. Metabolism 1988; 37: 1–2.

Lussier-Cacan S Xhignesse M Desmarais J-L Davignon J Kafrissen ME Chapdelaine A. Cyclic fluctuations in human serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels during the normal menstrual cycle: Comparison with changes occurring during oral contraceptive therapy. Metabolism 1991; 40: 849–54.

Lebech A-M Kjaer A Lebech PE . Metabolic changes during the normal menstrual cycle: A longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 414–6.

Woods M Schaefer EJ Morrill A Goldin BR Longcope C Dwyer JD Effect of menstrual cycle phase on plasma lipids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 321–3.

Reine U Ansah B Voigt KD . Effect of the menstrual cycle on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal females. Acta Endocrinol 1972; 69: 762–8.

Lind T. Clinical chemistry of pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 1980; 1: 1–24.

Fåhraeus L Larsson-Cohn U Wallentin L. Plasma lipoproteins including high density lipoprotein subfractions during normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 468–72.

Rifai N McMurray RG . Serum lipid and apolipoprotein changes in normal pregnancy. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1066.

Hillman L Schonfeld G Miller JP Wulff G. Apolipoproteins in human pregnancy. Metabolism 1975; 24: 943–52.

Rosing U Samsioe G Ölund A Johansson B Kallner A. Serum levels of apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and HDL-cholesterol in second half of normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. Horm Metab Res 1989; 21: 376–82.

Knopp RH Bergelin RO Wahl PW Walden CE . Effects of pregnancy, postpartum lactation, and oral contraceptive use on the lipoprotein cholesterol/triglyceride ration. Metabolism 1985; 34: 893–9.

Warth MR Arky RA Knopp RH . Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. III. Altered lipid composition in intermediate, very low, low and high-density lipoprotein fractions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 41: 649–55.

LaRosa JC . Lipids and cardiovascular disease: Do the findings and therapy apply equally to men and women? Womens Hlth Issues 1992; 2: 102–11.

McDonald-Gibson RG Young M Hytten FE . Changes in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and serum glycerol in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975; 82: 460–6.

Knopp RH Walden CE Wahl PW Bergelin R Chapman M Irvine S Effect of postpartum lactation on lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 542–7.

Panteghini M Pagini F. Serum concentrations of lipoprotein (a) during normal pregnancy and postpartum. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 2009–10.

Zechner R Desoye G Schweditsch MO Pfeiffer KP Kostner GM . Fluctuations of plasma lipoprotein-a concentrations during pregnancy and post partum. Metabolism 1986; 35: 333–6.

Grundy SM Denke MA . Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 1149–72.

Sacks FM Ornish D Rosner B McLanahan S Castelli WP Kass EH . Plasma lipoprotein levels in vegetarians. J Am Med Assoc 1985; 254: 1337–41.

Keys A Anderson JT Grande F. Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet. IV. Particular saturated fatty acids in the diet. Metabolism 1965; 14: 776–87.

Keys A Anderson JT Grande F. Serum cholesterol responses to changes in the diet. I. Iodine value of dietary fat versus 2S-P. Metabolism 1965; 14: 747–58.

Hill JO Peters JC Yang D Sharp T Kaler M Abumrad NN Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism 1989; 38: 641–8.

Harris WS Connor WE Illingworth DR Rothrock DW Foster DM . Effects of fish oil on VLDL triglyceride kinetics in humans. J Lipid Res 1990; 31: 1549–58.

Edelstein SL Barrett-Connor EL Wingard DL Cohn BA . Increased meal frequency associated with decreased cholesterol concentrations; Rancho Bernardo, CA, 1984–1987. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 664–9.

Swain JF Rouse IL Curley CB Sacks FM . Comparison of the effects of oat bran and low-fiber wheat on serum lipoprotein levels and blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 147–52.

Le Stunff C Bougnères PF . Glycerol production and utilisation during the early phase of human obesity. Diabetes 1992; 41: 444–50.

Jansson P-A Larsson A Smith U Lönnroth P. Glycerol production in subcutaneous adipose tissue in lean and obese humans. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1610–7.

Yale J-F Leiter LA Marliss EB . Metabolic responses to intense exercise in lean and obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 662–5.

De Pergola G Giorgino F Cospite MR Giogulli VA Cignarelli M Ferri G Relation between sex hormones and serum lipoprotein (a) concentrations in premenopausal obese women. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 675–9.

Dattilo AM Kris-Etherton PM . Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoprotein: A meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 320–8.

Wood PD Haskell WL . The effect of exercise on plasma high density lipoproteins. Lipids 1979; 14: 417–27.

Hardman AE Hudson A Jones P Norgan NG . Brisk walking and plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in previously sedentary women. BMJ 1989; 299: 1204–5.

Marti B Suter E Riesen WF Tschopp A Wanner H-U Gutzwiller F. Effects of long-term, self-monitored exercise on the serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 1990; 81: 19–31.

Lobo RA Notelovitz M Bernstein L Khan FY Ross RK Paul WL . Lp(a) lipoprotein: Relationship to cardiovascular disease risk factors, exercise, and estrogen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1182–90.

Lampman RM Santinga JT Hodge MF La Valley Block WD Flora JD Bassett DR . Comparative effects of physical training and diet in normalising serum lipids in men with type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. Circulation 1977; 55: 652–9.

Wood PD Stefanick ML Williams PT Haskell WL . The effects of plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight-reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 461–6.

Pay HE Hardman AE Jones GJ Hudson A. The acute effects of low-intensity exercise on plasma lipids in endurance trained and untrained young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 64: 182–6.

Krum H Conway EL Howes LG . Acute effects of exercise on plasma lipids, noradrenaline levels and plasma volume. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991; 18: 697–701.

Oelke K Worden J Chesser N Hundley R. Exercise testing raises plasma cholesterol. Circulation 1987; 76 (suppl IV): 7.

Craig WY Palomaki GE Haddow JE . Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: An analysis of published data. BMJ 1989; 298: 784–8.

Craig WY Palomaki GE Johnson AM Haddow JE . Cigarette smoking-associated changes in blood lipid and lipoprotein levels in the 8- to 19-year-old age group: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 155–8.

Cade J Margetts B. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. BMJ 1989; 298: 1312.

Stamford BA Matter S Fell RD Papanek P. Effects of smoking cessation on weight gain, metabolic rate, caloric consumption, and blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 1986 43: 486–94.

Moffatt RJ . Effects of cessation of smoking on serum lipids and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 1988; 74: 85–9.

Masarei JRL Puddey IB Vandongen R Beilin LJ Lynch WJ . Effect of smoking cessation on serum apolipoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations. Pathology 1991; 23: 98–102.

Quensel M Söderström A Agardh CD Nilsson-Ehle P. High density lipoprotein concentrations after cessation of smoking: The importance of alterations in diet. Atherosclerosis 1989; 75: 189–93.

Castelli WP Gordon T Hjortland MC Kagan A Doyle JT Hames CG Alcohol and blood lipids. Lancet 1977; ii: 153–5.

Gordon T Ernst N Fisher M Rifkind BM . Alcohol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Circulation 1981; 64 (suppl III): 63–7.

Superko HR . Effects of acute and chronic alcohol consumption on postprandial lipemia in healthy normotriglyceridemic men. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 701–4.

Veenstra J Ockhuizen T van de Pol H Wedel M Schaafsma G. Effects of a moderate dose of alcohol on blood lipids and lipoproteins postprandially and in the fasting state. Alcohol 1990; 25: 371–7.

Ginsberg H Olefsky J Farquhar JW Reaven GM . Moderate ethanol ingestion and plasma triglyceride levels. A study in normal and hypertriglyceridemic persons. Ann Intern Med 1974; 80: 143–9.

Schneider J Liesenfeld A Mordasini R Schabotz R Zöfel P Kubel F Lipoprotein fractions, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase during short-term and long-term uptake of ethanol in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 1985; 57: 281–91.

Booth S Clifton PM Nestel PJ . Lack of effect of acute alcohol ingestion on plasma lipids. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 1649.

Taskinen M-R Nikkilä EA Välimäki M Sane T Kuusi T Kesäniemi YA Alcohol-induced changes in serum lipoproteins and their metabolism. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 458–64.

Wolfe BM Havel RJ Marliss EB Effects of a three-day fast and of ethanol on splanchnic metabolism of free fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrates in healthy young men. J Clin Invest 1976; 57: 329–40.

Haskell WL Camargo C Williams PT Vranizan KM Krauss RM Lindgren FT The effect of cessation and resumption of moderate alcohol intake on serum high-density-lipoprotein subfractions. controlled study. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 805–10.

Masarei JRL Puddey IB Lynch WJ Vandongen R Beilin LJ . Effects of alcohol consumption on serum lipoprotein-lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations. Results from an intervention study in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 1986; 60: 79–87.

Luoma PV Sotaniemi E Pelkonen RO Ehnholm C. High density lipoproteins and hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in alcohol consumers. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1982; 37: 91–6.

Thelle DS Heyden S Fodor JG . Coffee and cholesterol in epidemiological and experimental studies. Atherosclerosis 1987; 67: 97–103.

van Dusseldorp M Katan MB Demacker PNM . Effect of decaffeinated versus regular coffee on serum lipoproteins. A 12-week double-blind trial. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 33–40.

Superko HR Bortz W Williams PT Albers JJ Wood PD . Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee effects on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and lipase activity: A controlled randomised trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 599–605.

Burr ML Gallacher JEJ Butland BK Bolton CH Downs LG . Coffee, blood pressure and plasma lipids: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989; 43: 477–83.

Naismith DJ Akinanju PA Szanto S Yudkin J. The effect in volunteers of coffee and decaffeinated coffee on blood glucose, insulin, plasma lipids and some factors involved in blood clotting. Nutr Metab 1970; 12: 144–51.

Bak AAA Grobbee DE . Caffeine, blood pressure and serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 971–5.

Aro A Kostiainen E Huttunen JK Seppälä E Vapaatalo H. Effects of coffee and tea on lipoproteins and prostanoids. Atherosclerosis 1985; 57: 123–8.

Hill C. Coffee consumption and cholesterol concentrations. BMJ 1985; 290: 1590.

Lindahl B Johansson L Huhtasaari F Hallmans G Asplund K. Coffee drinking and blood cholesterol—effects of brewing method, food intake and life style. J Intern Med 1991; 230: 299–305.

Pietinen P Aro A Tuomilehto J Uusitalo U Korhonen H. Consumption of boiled coffee is correlated with serum cholesterol in Finland. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 586–90.

Stensvold L Tverdal A Foss OP . The effect of coffee on blood lipids and blood pressure. Results from a Norwegian cross-sectional study, men and women, 40–42 years. J Clin Epidemiol 1989; 42: 877–84.

Ahola L Jauhiainen M Aro A. The hypercholesterolaemic factor in boiled coffee is retained by a paper filter. J Intern Med 1991; 203: 293–7.

van Dusseldorp M Katan MB van Vliet T Demackeer PNM Stalenhoef AFH . Cholesterol-raising factor from boiled coffee does not pass a paper filter. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 586–93.

Aro A Teirilä J Gref C-G. Dose-dependent effect on serum cholesterol and apoprotein B concentrations by consumption of boiled, non-filtered coffee. Atherosclerosis 1990; 83: 257–61.

Zock PL Katan MB Merkus MP van Dusseldorp M Harryvan JL . Effect of a lipid-rich fraction from boiled coffee on serum cholesterol. Lancet 1990; 335: 1235–7.

Krone W Nägele H. Effects of antihypertensives on plasma lipids and lipoprotein metabolism. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 1729–34.

Burkman RT . Lipid and lipoprotein changes in relation to oral contraception and hormonal replacement therapy. Fertil Steril 1988; 49 (suppl): 39S–50S.

Crook D Seed M. Endocrine control of plasma lipoprotein metabolism: Effects of gonadal steroids. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 4: 851–75.

Upton GV . Lipids, cardiovascular disease, and oral contraceptives: A practical perspective. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 1–12.

Soma MR Osnago-Gadda I Paoletti R Fumagalli R Morrisett JD Meschia M The lowering of lipoprotein (a) induced by estrogen plus progesterone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Arch Int Med 1993; 153: 1462–8.

Crook D Cust MP Gangar KF Worthington M Hillard JC Stevenson JC Comparison of transdermal and oral estrogen-progestin replacement therapy: Effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 950–5.

Mattson LÅ Samsioe G von Schoultz B Uverbrant M Wilkund I. Transdermally administered oestradiol combined with oral medroxyprogesterone in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 450–3.

Hooper PL Woo W Visconti L Pathak DR . Terbutaline raises high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. N EnglJ Med 1981; 305: 1455–7.

Marsden JR . Lipid metabolism and retinoid therapy. Pharmacol Ther 1988; 40: 55–65.

Laker MF Green C Bhuiyan AKMJ Shuster S. Isotretinoin and serum lipids: Studies on fatty acid, apolipoprotein and intermediary metabolism. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117: 203–6.

López-Miranda J Pérez-Jiménez F Torres A Espino-Montaro A Gomez P Hidalgo-Rojas L. Effect of cyclosporin on plasma lipoproteins in bone marrow transplantation patients. Clin Biochem 1992; 25: 379–86.

Nikkilä EA Kaste M Ehnholm C Viikari J. Increase of serum high-density lipoprotein in phenytoin users. BMJ 1978; ii: 99.

Calandre EP Porta BS de la Calzada DG . The effect of chronic phenytoin treatment on serum lipid profile in adult epileptic patients. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 154–7.

Louma PV Myllylä VV Sotaniemi EA Lehtinen IA Hokkanen EJ . Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in epileptics treated with various anticonvulsants. Eur Neurol 1980; 19: 67–72.

Durrington PN . Effect of phenobarbitone on plasma apolipoprotein B and plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in normal subjects. Clin Sci 1979; 56: 501–4.

Durrington PN Roberts CJC Jackson L Branch RA Hartog M. Effect of phenobarbitone on plasma lipids in normal subjects. Clin Sci Mol Med 1976; 50: 349–53.

Calandre EP Rodriguez-Lopez C Blazquez A Cano D. Serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins A and B in epileptic patients treated with valproic acid, carbamazepine or phenobarbital. Acta Neurol Scand 1991; 83: 250–3.

Isojärvi JIT Pakarinen AJ Myllylä VV . Serum lipid levels during carbamazepine medication. A prospective study. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 590–3.

Porte D Bierman EL . The effect of heparin infusion on plasma triglyceride in vivo and in vitro and with a method for calculating triglyceride turnover. J Lab Clin Med 1969; 73: 631–48.

Hortin GL Cole TG Gibson DW Kessler G. Decreased stability of triglycerides and increased free glycerol in serum from heparin-treated patients. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 1847–9.

Oliver RM . Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo 1,4 dioxin in laboratory workers. Br J Ind Med 1975; 32: 49–53.

Carlson LA Kolmodin-Hedman B. Decrease in α-lipoprotein cholesterol in men after cessation of exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Acta Med Scand 1977; 201: 375–6.

Gore JM Goldberg RJ Matsumoto AS Castelli WP McNamara PM Dalen JE . Validity of serum total cholesterol level obtained within 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1984; 54: 722–5.

Ahnve S Angelin B Edhag O Berglund L. Early determination of serum lipids and apolipoproteins in acute myocardial infarction: Possibility for immediate intervention. J Intern Med 1989; 226: 297–301.

Sewdarsen M Vythilingum S Jialal I Nadar R. Plasma lipids can be reliably assessed within 24 hours after acute myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64: 352–6.

Fyfe T Cochran KM Baxter RH Booth EM . Plasma-lipid changes after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1971; ii: 997–1001.

Ryder REJ Hayes TM Mulligan IP Kingswood JC Williams S Owens DR . How soon after myocardial infarction should plasma lipid values be assessed? BMJ 1984; 289: 1651–3.

Avogaro P Bon G Bittolo Cazzolato G Quinci GB Sanson A Sparla M Variations in apolipoproteins B and A1 during the course of myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest 1978; 8: 121–9.

Fahie-Wilson M Mills R Wilson K. HDL cholesterol and the acute phase reaction following myocardial infarction and acute pancreatitis. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 167: 197–209.

Sammalkorpi K Valtonen V Kerttula Y Nikkilä E Taskinen M-R. Changes in serum lipoprotein pattern induced by acute infections. Metabolism 1988; 37: 859–65.

Bailie EE Orr CW . Lowered high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in viral illness. Clin Chem 1979; 25: 817–8.

Beutler BA Cerami A. Recombinant interleukin 1 suppresses lipoprotein lipase activity in 3T3-L1 cells. J Immunol 1985; 135: 3969–71.

Patton JS Shepard HM Wilking H Lewis G Aggarwal BB Eessalu TE Interferons and tumour necrosis factors have similar catabolic effects on 3T3 L1 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 8313–17.

Alvarez C Ramos A. Lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins in serum during infection. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 142–5.

Lindh A Lindholm M Holmquist L Carlson LA . Time course for the changes of serum lipoproteins and apolipoprotein concentrations after major surgical trauma in man. J Parent Enteral Nutrition 1986; 10: 265–73.

Coombes EJ Shakespeare PG Batstone GF . Lipoprotein changes after burn injury in man. J Trauma 1980; 20: 971–5.

Harris RL Frenkel RA Cottam GL Baxter CR . Lipid mobilisation and metabolism after thermal trauma. J Trauma 1982; 22: 194–8.

Law MR Thompson SG . Low serum cholesterol and the risk of cancer: An analysis of the published prospective studies. Cancer Causes Cont 1991; 2: 253–61.

Kritchevsky SB Wilcosky TC Morris DL Truong KN Tyroler HA . Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol and weight prior to the diagnosis of cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 3198–203.

Sherwin RW Wentworth DN Cutler JA Hulley SB Kuller LH Stamler J. Serum cholesterol levels and cancer mortality in 361,662 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. J Am Med Assoc 1987; 257: 943–8.

Gerhardsson M Rosenqvist U Ahlbom A Carlson L. Serum cholesterol and cancer—a retrospective case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1986; 15: 155–9.

Vitols S Björkholm M Gahrton G Peterson C. Hypocholesterolaemia in malignancy due to elevated low-density-lipoprotein-receptor activity in tumour cells: Evidence from studies in patients with leukaemia. Lancet 1985; ii: 1150–3.

Axelopoulos CG Blatsios B Avgerinos A. Serum lipids and lipoprotein disorders in cancer patients. Cancer 1987; 60: 3065–70.

Durrington PN . Secondary hyperlipidaemia. In: Hyperlipidaemia: Diagnosis and Management. London: Butterworth, 1989: 219–76.

Laker MF . Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in diabetes mellitus. In: Alberti KGMM Krall LP , eds. The Diabetes Annual, Vol 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987: 459–78.

Howard BV . Lipoprotein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 613–28.

Series JJ Biggart EM O'Reilly DSt J Packard CJ Shepherd J. Thyroid dysfunction and hypercholesterolaemia in the general population of Glasgow, Scotland. Clin Chim Acta 1988; 172: 217–22.

Muls E Blaton V Rosseneu M Lesaffre E Lamberigts G de Moor P. Serum lipids and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B in hyperthyroidism before and after treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55: 459–64.

Miller JP . Dyslipoproteinaemia of liver disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 4: 807–32.

Bluestone R Lewis B Mervart L. Hyperlipoproteinaemia in gout. Ann Rheum Dis 1971; 30: 134–7.

Ferns GAA Lanham J Dieppe P Galton DJ . A DNA polymorphism of an apoprotein gene associates with the hypertriglyceridaemia of primary gout. Hum Genet 1988; 78: 55–9.

Macfarlane DG Midwinter CA Dieppe PA Bolton CH Hartog M. Demonstration of an abnormality of C apoprotein of very low density lipoprotein in patients with gout. Ann Rheum Dis 1985; 44: 390–4.

Short CD Durrington PN . Hyperlipidaemia and renal disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 4: 777–806.

Mordasini R Klose G Greton H. Secondary type 11 hyperlipoproteinaemia in patients with anorexia nervosa. Metabolism 1978; 27: 71–9.

Cohn JS McNamara JR Cohn SD Ordovas JM Schaefer EJ . Postprandial plasma lipoprotein changes in huma subjects of different ages. J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 469–79.

Mann JI Truswell AS . Effect of controlled breakfast on serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr 1971; 24: 1300.

Rifai N Merrill JR Holly RG . Postprandial effect of a high fat meal on plasma lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein measurements. Ann Clin Biochem 1990; 27: 489–93.

Cohn JS Lam CWK Sullivan DR Hensley WJ . Plasma lipoprotein distribution of apolipoprotein(a) in the fed and fasted states. Atherosclerosis 1991; 90: 59–66.

Markel A Brook JG Aviram M. Increased plasma triglycerides, cholesterol and apolipoprotein E during prolonged fasting in normal subjects. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61: 395–400.

Wallentin L Sköldstam L. Lipoproteins and cholesterol esterification rate in plasma during a 10-day modified fast in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 1925–31.

Miller M Bachorik PS Cloey TA . Normal variation of plasma lipoprotein: Postural effects on plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 569–74.

Tan MH Wilmshurst EG Gleason RE Soeldner JS . Effect of posture on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1973; 289: 416–9.

Kjeldsen SE Eide I Leren P Foss OP . Effects of posture on serum cholesterol fractions, cholesterol ratio and triglycerides. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1983; 43: 119–21.

Hagan RD Upton SJ Avakian EV Grundy S. Increases in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels with movement from the supine to standing position in adult men and women. Prev Med 1986; 25: 18–27.

Stoker DJ Wynn V. Effects of posture on the plasma cholesterol level. BMJ 1966; i: 336–8.

Howes LG Krum H Louis WJ . Plasma cholesterol levels are dependent on sympathetic activity. J Hypertens 1987; 5 (suppl 5): S361–3.

Dixon M Paterson CR . Posture and the composition of plasma. Clin Chem 1978; 24: 824–6.

Statland BE Winkel P. Variations of cholesterol and total lipid concentrations in sera of healthy young men. Am J Clin Path 1976; 66: 935–43.

Statland BE Bokelund H Winkel P. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents: 4. Effects of posture and torniquet application on variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 1513–9.

Felding P Tryding N Petersen P Hyltoft Horder M. Effects of posture on concentrations of blood constituents in healthy adults: Practical application of blood specimen collection procedures recommended by the Scandinavian Committee on Reference Values. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1980; 40: 615–21.

Eisenberg S. Postural changes in plasma volume in hypoalbuminemia. Arch Int Med 1963; 112: 544–9.

Eisenberg S Wolf PC . Plasma volume after posture change in hypertensive subjects. Arch Int Med 1965; 115: 17–22.

Page IH Moinuddin M. The effect of venous occlusion on serum cholesterol and total protein concentration—a warning. Circulation 1962; 25: 651–2.

Koerselman HB Lewis B Pilkington TRE . The effect of venous occlusion on the level of serum cholesterol. J Atheroscler Res 1961; 1: 85–8.

Gerbrandy J van Leeuwen AM Hellendoom HBA de Vries LA . The binding between electrolytes and serum proteins calculated from an in vivo filtration method. Clin Sci 1960; 19: 181–93.

Evans K Mitcheson J Buhagiar GC Laker MF . Effects of venous occlusion on lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations. Clin Sci 1993; 85 (suppl 29): 17P.

Sperry WM Schoenheimer R. A comparison of serum, heparinised plasma, and oxalated plasma in regard to cholesterol content. J Biol Chem 1935; 110: 655–8.

Grande F Amatuzio DS Wada S. Cholesterol measurement in serum and in plasma. Clin Chem 1964; 10: 619–26.

Alper C. Specimen collection and preservation. In: Henry RJ Cannon DC Winkelman JW , eds. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics. New York: Harper and Row, 1974: 373–88.

Cloey T Bachorik PS Becker D Finney C Lowry D Sigmund W. Reevaluation of serum-plasma differences in total individual concentration. J Am Med Assoc 1990; 263: 2788–9.

Lum G Gambino SR . A comparison of serum versus heparinized plasma for routine chemistry tests. Am J Clin Path 1974; 61: 108–13.

Ladenson JH Tsai L-MB Michael JM Kessler G Joist JH . Serum versus heparinised plasma for eighteen common chemistry tests. Is serum the appropriate specimen? Am J Clin Path 1974; 62: 545–52.

Laboratory Methods Committee. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in serum/plasma pairs. Clin Chem 1977; 23: 60–3.

National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Arch Int Med 1988; 148: 36–69.

Wickus GG Dukerschein RO . Serum-plasma differences in total cholesterol: What correction factor should be used? J Am Med Assoc 1992; 267: 234–5.

Alzofon J Tilton KA Haley NJ . Enzymic determination of cholesterol in plasma obtained by fingerstick. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 168.

Dörner K Dorn-Zachertz D. Cholesterol determinations from skin puncture and venous blood have similar imprecisions. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1991; 29: 411–3.

Boerma GJM Liem TL Haas JAL Jacobs-De de Jong-Van Staveren FAC Verbree W Eman I. The reflotron total cholesterol assay in heparinised venous and capillary blood. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1990; 28: 255–8.

Kupke IR Zeugner S Gottschalk A Kather B. Differences in lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of capillary and venous samples. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 97: 279–83.

Greenland P Bowley NL Meiklejohn B Doane KL Sparks CE . Blood cholesterol concentration: Fingerstick plasma vs venous serum sampling. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 628–30.

Bachorik PS Cloey TA Finney CA Lowry DR Becker DM . Lipoprotein-cholesterol analysis during screening: Accuracy and reliability. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 741–7.

Boerma GJM Gelderland J van Gorp I Leijnse B. Use of the reflotron system for cholesterol assay in capillary blood, venous blood, and serum-evaluation of accuracy and lot-to-lot reagent comparability. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 2117–9.

Bachorik PS Rock R Cloey T Treciak E Becker D Sigmund W. Cholesterol screening: Comparative evaluation of on-site and laboratory-based measurements. Clin Chem 1990; 255–60.

Meloy N Stein E. Comparison of fingerstick whole blood and venous plasma HDL-cholesterols. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 964.

Lippi U Graziani MS Schinella M Manzato F Bazzani R. Determination of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in venous and capillary whole blood. J Lipid Res 1988; 29: 112–5.

Warnick GR Boerma GJM Assmann G Endler AT Gerique G Gotto AM Multicenter evaluation of reflotron direct dry-chemistry assay of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in venous and fingerstick specimens. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 271–7.

Nishida T Kummerow FA . Interaction of serum lipoproteins with the hydroperoxide of methyl linoleate. J Lipid Res 1960; 1: 450–8.

Schwertner HA Friedman HS . Changes in lipid values and lipoprotein patterns of serum samples contaminated with bacteria. Am J Clin Path 1973; 59: 829–35.

Edelstein C Gordon JI Toscas K Sims HF Strauss AW Scanu AM . In vitro conversion of proapoprotein A-1 to apoprotein A-1. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 11430–3.

Edelstein C Scanu AM . Precautionary measures for collecting blood destined for lipoprotein isolation. Methds Enzymol 1986; 128: 151–5.

Kuchmak M Taylor L Olansky AS . Suitability of frozen and lyophilised reference sera for cholesterol and triglyceride determinations. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 120: 261–71.

Hankinson SE London SJ Chute CG Barbieri RL Jones L Kaplan LA Effect of transport conditions on the stability of biochemical markers in blood. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 2313–6.

Virdi NK Worthington DJ . Cholesterol and triglyceride stability in whole blood. Ann Clin Biochem 1989; 26: 197–8.

Brown SA Epps DF Dunn JK Sharrett AR Patsch JR Gotto AM Jr Effect of blood collection and processing on radioimmunoassay results for apolipoprotein B in plasma. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 1662–6.

Kafonek S Bachorik PS Kwiterovich PO . Measurement of apolipoprotein B in plasma from hyperlipidemic subjects treated with cholestyramine or placebo: Differential effects of storage at −70°C. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 380–3.

Brown SA Rhodes CE Dunn K Gotto AM Jr Patsch W. Effect of blood collection and processing on radioimmunoassay results for apolipoprotein A-1 in plasma. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 920–4.

Wang XL Dudman NPB Blades BL Wilcken DEL . Changes in the immunoreactivity of apo A-1 during storage. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 179: 285–94.

Sgoutas DS Tuten T. Effect of freezing and thawing of serum on the immunoassay of lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem 1992; 38: 1873–7.

Craig WY Poulin SE Forster NR Neveux LM Wald NJ Ledue TB . Effect of sample storage on the assay of lipoprotein(a) by commercially available radial immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 550–3.

Reckless JPD Betteridge DJ Wu P Payne B Galton DJ . Effect of storage on plasma-lipoproteins. Lancet 1977; ii: 350.

Stokes YM Salmond CE Carpenter LM Welby TJ . Stability of total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in frozen sera. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 995–9.

Warnick GR Albers JJ . High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol quantitation: Effect of plasma storage on heparin-Min² + supernatant cholesterol concentration. Clin Chem 1979. 25: 1098–9.

Bachorik PS Walker R Brownell KD Stunkard AJ Kwiterovich PO . Determination of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in stored human plasma. J Lipid Res 1980; 21: 608–16.

Bachorik PS Walker RE Kwiterovich PO Jr Determination of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in human plasma stored at −70°C. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 1236–42.

del Gatto L Nichols AV Lindgren FT . Effects of freeze-thawing and storage on ultracentrifugal properties of human serum lipoproteins. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1959; 101: 59–61.

Tiedink HGM Katan MB . Variability in lipoprotein concentrations in serum after prolonged storage at −20°C. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 180: 147–56.

Winkelman J Wybenga DR Ibbott FA . Phenotyping of hyperlipoproteinaemias. Clin Chem 1970; 16: 507–11.