Particle Enhanced Light Scattering Immunoassay

Price CP Spencer K Whicher J. Light-scattering immunoassay of specific proteins: A review. Ann Clin Biochem 1983; 20: 1–14.

Freund J. Agglutination of tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Tbc 1925; 12: 124–41.

Gaechtgens W. Beitrag zur Agglutinationstechnik. München med Wchnschr 1906; 53: 135–41.

Gates FL . Studies on agglutination with the aid of the centrifuge. The influence of temperature on absorption and flocculation. J Exp Med 1925; 35: 63–76.

Loeb J. The influence of electrolytes on the cataphoretic charge of colloidal particles and the stability of their suspensions. I. Experiments with collodion particles. J Gen Physiol 1922; 23: 109–26.

Cannon PR Marshall CE . An improved method for the determination of precipitative titres of antisera. J Immunol 1940; 38: 365–76.

Cavelti PA . Studies on the technic of collodion agglutination. J Immunol 1944; 49: 365–73.

Boyden SV . The adsorption of proteins on erythrocytes treated with tannic acid and subsequent haemagglutination by anti-protein sera. J Exp Med 1951; 93: 107–20.

Meyer K. Ueber Hämagglutininvermehrung und Hämagglutination fördernde Wirkung bei menschlichen seren. Ztschr. f. Immun.u. exper. Therap 1922; 34: 229–35.

Waaler E. On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutination of sheep blood corpuscles. Acta path et microbiol Scandinav 1940; 17: 172–88.

Swierczynska Z Samochowiec E. Serological method of detecting choriogonadotropin as a test for pregnancy. Pathologica Microbiol 1961; 24: 67–71.

Rose HM Ragan C Pearce E Lipman MO . Differential agglutination of normal and sensitised sheep erythrocytes by sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Soc Exper Biol & Med 1948; 68: 1–6.

Zarafonetis CJD Oster HL . Heterophile agglutination variability of erythrocytes from different sheep. J Lab & Clin Med 1950; 36: 283–7.

Keiper TW . Pitfall in the use of sheep cells in complement fixation and heterophilic antibody reactions. Am J Clin Path 1945; 15: 66–8.

Singer JM Plotz CM . The latex fixation test I. Application to the serologic diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1956; 21: 888–92.

Bangs LB Kenny MT . Old, new, borrowed, blue. Ind Res 1976; 18: 46–9.

Bangs LB . Uniform latex particles. Particle Technology Division. Seradyn Diagnostics Inc. 1987. Available from Metachem Diagnostics Ltd, Northampton, UK.

Bermes EW Isaacs JH . Evaluation of a direct agglutination latex particle test for human chorionic gonadotropin. Am J Obstet & Gynec 1969; 104: 865–9.

Hechemy K Stevens RW Gaafar HA . Antigen distribution in a latex suspension and its relationship to test sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 4: 82–6.

Nusbacher J Berkman EM Wong KY Kochwa S Rosenfield RE . Assay of IgG and other human plasma proteins by quantitative inhibition of passive hemagglutination. J Immunol 1972; 108: 893–902.

Lamont-Havers RW . Nature of serum factor causing agglutination of sensitised sheep cells and Group A hemolytic streptococci. Proc Soc Exp Biol & Med 1955; 88: 20–35.

Leuvering JWH Thal PHJM van der Waart M Schuurs AHWM . Sol particle immunoassay (SPIA). J Immunoassay 1980; 1: 77–80.

Nørregaard-Hansen K Hangaard I Nørgaard-Pedersen B. Evaluation of a rapid latex-agglutination test for detection of elevated levels of myoglobin in serum and its value in early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1984; 44: 99–103.

Cookson C. Two new babies on the way. Financial Times 7 July 1988.

Zelikman I Hjertén S. Protein immunoassay based on the agglutination of antibody-coated ferric oxide particles. J Immunol Methods 1988; 114: 267–73.

Tiffany TO Parella JM Johnson WF . Specific protein analysis by light scatter measurement with a miniature centrifugal fast analyser. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 1055–61.

Sieber A Gross J. Determinazione delle proteine per mezzo della nefelometria a laser. Ric Clin Lab 1977; 7 (Suppl 2): 40–6.

Anderson RJ Sternberg JC . A rate nephelometer for immunoprecipitation measurement of specific proteins. In: Ritchie RF , ed. Automated Immunoanalysis Part 2. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1978: 409–69.

Strutt JW Rt Hon. (Lord Rayleigh). On the light from the sky, its polarisation and colour. Phil Mag 1871; 41: 107–20.

Strutt JW Rt. Hon. (Lord Rayleigh). On the scattering of light by small particles. Phil Mag 1871; 41: 447–54.

Grange J Roch AM Quash GA . Nephelometric assay of antigens and antibodies with latex particles. J Immunol Methods 1977; 18: 365–75.

Deverill I Reeves WG . Light scattering and Absorption—developments in immunology. J Immunol Methods 1980; 38: 191–204.

Galvin JP . Particle enhanced immunoassays—a review. In: Rippey JH Nakamuro RM , eds. Diagnostic Immunology: Technology Assessment and Quality Assurance. Skokie IL. College of American Pathologists. 1983; 18–30.

Hechemy KE Michaelson EE . Latex particle assays in laboratory medicine. Part II. Lab Management 1984; 22: 26–35.

Galvin JP Looney CE Leflar CC Luddy MA Litchfield WJ Freytag JW Miller WK . Particle enhanced photometric immunoassay systems. In: Nakamura RM Ditto WR Tucker ES III , eds. Clinical Laboratory Assays: New Technology and Future Directions. New York: Masson Publishing 1983; 73–95.

Litchfield WJ Craig AR Frey WA Leflar CC Looney CE Luddy MA . Novel shell/core particles for automated immunoassays. Clin Chem 1984; 30: 1489–93.

Price CP Trull AK Berry D Gorman EG . Development and validation of a particle-enhanced immunoassay for C-reactive protein. J Immunol Methods 1987; 99: 205–11.

Medcalf EA Newman DJ Gilboa A Gorman EG Price CP . A rapid and robust particle enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay for serum β₂ microglobulin. J Immunol Meth 1990; 129: 97–103.

Medcalf EA Newman DJ Gorman EG Price CP . Rapid, robust method for measuring low concentrations of albumin in urine. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 446–9.

Kapmeyer WH Pauly H-E Tuengler P. Automated nephelometric immunoassays with novel shell/core particles. J Clin Lab Anal 1988; 2: 76–83.

Bernard AM Lauwerys RR . Comparison of turbidimetry with particle counting for the determination of human β2-microglobulin by latex immunoassay (LIA). Clin Chim Acta 1982; 119: 335–9.

Sorin T Ifuku Y Sato K Kohno H Mizokami M Tokuda H Nakamura M Yamamoto M. Development of an automated latex photometric immunoassay (LPIA) for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1206.

Bloomfield VA . Biological applications. In: Pecora R , ed. Dynamic Light Scattering. Applications of Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. New York: Plenum Press 1985; 363–416.

Dubin SB Lunacek JH Benedek GB . Observation of the spectrum of light scattered by solutions of biological macromolecules. Proc Nat Acad Sci 1967; 57: 1164–71.

von Schulthess GK Cohen RJ Benedek GB . Laser light scattering immunoassay in the agglutination-inhibition mode for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human luteinising hormone (hLH). Immunochemistry 1976; 13: 963–6.

von Schulthess GK Cohen RJ Sakato N Benedek GB . Laser light scattering spectroscopic immunoassay for mouse IgA. Immunochemistry 1976; 13: 955–62.

von Schulthess GK Giglio M Cannell DS Benedek GB . Detection of agglutination reactions using anisotropic light scattering: An immunoassay of high sensitivity. Mol Immunol 1980; 17: 81–92.

van den Hul HJ van der Hoff JW . ‘Clean’ monodisperse latexes as model colloids. In: Fitch RM , ed. Polymer Colloids. New York: Plenum Press. 1971; 1–28.

Uzgiris EE . Probing immune reactions by laser light scattering spectroscopy. Methods in Enzymology. New York: Academic Press Inc. 1981; 74: 177–98.

Uzgiris EE Costaschuk FM . Investigations of colloid stability in polyelectrolyte solutions by laser doppler spectroscopy. Nature (Lond) Phys Sci 1973; 242: 77.

Bibeau AA Matijevic E. Stability of polyvinyl chloride lattices. In: Fitch RM , ed. Polymer Colloids. New York: Plenum Press. 1971; 127–38.

Cambiaso CL Leek AE De Steenwinkel F Billen J Masson PL . Particle counting immunoassay (PACIA). I. A general method for the determination of antibodies, antigens and haptens. J Immunol Methods 1977; 18: 33–44.

Cambiaso CL Riccomi H Sindic C Masson PL . Particle counting immunoassay (PACIA). II. Automated determination of circulating immune complexes by inhibition of the agglutination activity of rheumatoid sera. J Immunol Methods 1978; 23: 29–50.

Collet-Cassard D Magnusson CGM Ratcliffe JG Cambiaso CL Masson PL . A fully automated non-radioisotopic assay for alphafetoprotein using the PACIA technique. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 64–7.

Wilkins TA Brouwers G Mareschal J-C Cambiaso CL . High sensitivity, homogeneous particle-based immunoassay for thyrotropin (MultipactTM). Clin Chem 1988; 34: 1749–52.

Limet JN Moussebois CH Cambiaso CL Vaerman JP Masson PL . Particle counting immunoassay. IV. The use of F(ab′)2 fragments and Ne-chloro-acetyl lysine N-carboxy-anhydride for their coupling to polystyrene latex particles. J Immunol Methods 1979; 28: 25–32.

Wilkins TA Brouwers G Mareschall JC Limet J Masson PL . Immunoassay by particle counting. In: Collins WP , ed. Complementary Immunoassays. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1988; 227–40.

Piirma I , ed. Emulsion Polymerisation. New York: Academic Press Inc. 1982.

Smith WV Ewart RH . Kinetics of emulsion polymerisation. J Chem Phys 1948; 16: 592–9.

Crane JE . Latex agglutination immunoassays. Am Biotech Lab 1987; 5: 34–41.

Molday RS Dreyer WJ Rambaum A Yen SPS . New immunolatex spheres: Visual markers of antigen on lymphocytes for scanning electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 1975; 64: 75–88.

Gribnau TCJ Leuvering JHW van Hell H. Particle labelled immunoassays: A review. J Chromatog 1986; 76: 175–89.

De Mey J. In: Polak JM Van Noorden S , eds. The Preparation and Use of Gold Probes in Immunocytochemistry. Bristol: John Wright and Sons Ltd. 1983; 82–112.

Nusbacher J Berkman EM Wong KY Kochwa S Rosenfield RE . Assay of IgG and other human plasma proteins by quantitative inhibition of passive haemagglutination. J Immunol 1972; 108: 893–902.

Siddle K Gard T Thomas D Cranage MP Coombs RRA . Red cell-labelled monoclonal antibodies for assay of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinising hormone by reverse passive haemagglutination. J Immunol Methods 1984; 73: 169–76.

Coombs RRA Scott ML Cranage MP . Assays using red cell-labelled antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1987; 101: 1–14.

van Oss CJ Singer JM . The binding of immune globulins and other proteins by polystyrene latex particles. J Reticuloendothelial Soc 1966; 3: 29–40.

Hechemy KE Michaelson EE . Latex particle assay in laboratory medicine. Part I. Lab Management 1984; 22: 27–40.

Hechemy KE Anacher RL . Coating surfaces for immunoassay by a forced adsorption technique. J Immunoassay 1983; 4: 147–57.

Craig AR Frey WA Leflar CC Looney CE Luddy MA . Covalently bonded high refractive index particle reagents and their use in light scattering immunoassays. US Patent No. 4,401,765: 1983.

Dorman LC . Method of coupling a protein to an epoxylated latex. US Patent No. 4,210,723: 1980.

Cambiaso CL de Steenwinkel F Leek AE Masson PL . Mixed agglutination. US patent 4,184,849: 1980.

Quash G Roch A-M Niveleau A Grange J Keolouangkhot P. The preparation of latex particles with covalently bound polyamines, IgG and measles agglutinins and their use in viral agglutination tests. J Immunol Methods 1978; 22: 165–74.

Tijssen P. Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 1983.

Limet J Cambiaso CL Moussebois CH Masson PL . Insolubilised proteins and immunoassays utilising them. US Patent No. 4,253,844: 1981.

Ternynck T Avrameas S. Conjugation of p-benzoquinone treated enzymes with antibodies and Fab fragments. Immunochemistry 1977; 14: 767–74.

Otto H Takamiya H Vogt A. A two-stage method for cross-linking antibody globulin to ferritin by glutaraldehyde. Comparison between the one-stage and the two-stage method. J Immunol Methods 1973; 3: 137–46.

Comoglio S Celada F. An immuno-enzymatic assay of cortisol using E. Coli β-galactosidase as label. J Immunol Methods 1976; 10: 161–70.

Cambiaso CL . Attachment of monoclonal antibodies to latex particles. Br Pat Application No. 8800293: 1988.

Goding JW . Use of staphylococcal protein A as an immunological reagent. J Immunol Methods 1978; 20: 241–53.

Kohen F Amir-Zaltsman Y Strasburger CJ Bayer EA Wilchek M. The avidin-biotin reaction in immunoassay. In: Collins WP , ed. Complementary Immunoassays. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. 1988; 57–69.

Thakkar H Davey CL Medcalf EA Skingle L Craig AR Newman DJ Price CP . Stabilisation of turbidimetric immunoassay by covalent coupling of antibody to latex particles. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 1248–51.

Winkles J Lunec J Deverill L. Enhanced latex agglutination assay for C-reactive protein in serum, with use of a centrifugal analyser. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 685–9.

Collet-Cassart D Mareschal JC Sindic CJM Tomasi JP Masson PL . Automated particle counting immunoassay of C-reactive protein and its application to serum, cord serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 1127–31.

Opheim KE Click MR Ou CN Ryder KW Hood LC Ainard V Collymore LA Particle enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay for theophylline evaluated with the Du Pont aca. Clin Chem 1984; 30: 1870–4.

Heveran JE Cox M Toncher A. Determination of barbiturates in urine by latex agglutination inhibition. Clin Chem 1976; 22: 1206.

Hellsing K. Enhancing effects of non-ionic polymers on immunochemical reactions. In: Ritchie R. ed. Automated Immunoanalysis Part 1. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1978, 1–44.

De Steenwinkel F Collet-Cassart D Masson PL . Agglutination immunoassays. European Patent No. 0038181 A2: 1981.

Bagchi P Birnbaum SM . Effect of pH on the adsorption of immunoglobulin G on anionic poly (vinyltoluene) model latex particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 1981; 83: 469–78.

Deverill I Lock RJ . Kinetics of the antigen: Antibody reaction. Ann Clin Biochem 1983; 20: 224–6.

Larsson A Sjöquist J. False positive results in latex agglutination tests caused by rheumatoid factor. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 767–8.

Fulthorpe AJ . Immunological reagent for gonadotropins. UK Patent No. 1.036,591: 1963.

Singer JM Altmann G Oreskes I Plotz CM . The mechanism of particulate carrier reactions. III. The stabilising effect of serum proteins. Am J Med 1961; 30: 772–8.

Von Schulthess GK Cohen RJ Benedek GB . Method for optimising reagents for agglutination reactions. US Patent No. 4,164,558: 1979.

Graves HB . Noise control in solid-phase immunoassays by use of a matrix coat. J Immunol Methods 1988; 111: 167–78.

Meyer KB Pauker SG . Screening for HIV: Can we afford the false positive rate? N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 238–41.

Cantarero LA Butler JE Osborne JW . The adsorptive characteristics of proteins for polystyrene and their significance in solid-phase immunoassay. Anal Biochem 1980; 105: 375–83.

Zdunek D Weber F. Process for eliminating nonspecific turbidity. European Patent No. 0,301,554: 1988.

Bernard AM Lauwerys RR . Comparison of turbidimetry with particle counting for the determination of human β2 microglobulin by latex immunoassay (LIA). Clin Chim Acta 1982; 119: 335–9.

Henkel E. Marker free immunological analytical methods. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1984; 22: 919–26.

Bosch AMG Characteristics and evaluation of Pregnospis Duoclon, and agglutination Sol Particle Immunoassay (SPIA) for the detection of pregnancy. Organon Teknika Monograph. Turnhout, Belgium. 1985.

Leuvering JHW . SPIA; A new immunological technique. ICPR Mar/Apr: 22–5.

Bernard AM Lauwerys RR . Continuous flow system for automation of latex immunoassay by particle counting. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 1007–11.

Curtis GDW Kraak WAG Mitchell RG . Comparison of latex and haemolysin tests for the determination of anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 1331–3.

Paoli C Bardelli F Tarli P Gragnoli G Tanganelli I Signorini AM . A simple latex agglutination test for urinary albumin screening. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 166: 67–71.

Kung VT Canova-Davis E. Recent developments in the use of liposomes in in vitro diagnostic assays. In: Pal SB . ed. Reviews on Immunoassay Technology Vol 3. London, Macmillan, 1989; 36–59.

Gribnau T Roeles F van der Biezeu J In: Gribnau TCJ Visser J Nivard RJF , eds. Affinity chromatography and related techniques. Anal Chem Symp Ser Vol 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1982; 411.

Tamiya E Watanabe N Matsuoka H Karuabe I. Pulse immunoassay for human immunoglobulin G antibody bound latex beads. Biosensors 1988; 3: 139–46.

Newman DJ Medcalf EA Gorman EG Price CP . Latex enhanced immunoturbidimetric assays of specific proteins in the monitoring of renal function. International Symposium of Nephrology (6th: 1989: Montecatini Terme, Italy) Kidney, proteins and drugs: Contributions to Nephrology 83: 19–21.

Collet-Cassart D Limet JN Van Krieken L De Hertagh Turbidimetric latex immunoassay of placental lactogen on microtitre plates. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 141–3.

Gibbons I Gorin M Yassinzadeh Z Patient side immunoassay system with single-use cartridge for measuring analytes in blood. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1869–73.

Sutherland RM Daehne C Slovacek R. Interface immunoassays using the evanescent wave. In: Ngo TT , ed. Nonisotopic Immunoassays. New York: Plenum Press. 1988, 331–56.

Lukosz W Tiefenthaler K. Sensitivity of integrated optical grating and prism couplers as (bio) chemical sensors. Sensors and Acutators 1988; 15: 273–84.

Arnold MA Meyerhoff ME . Recent advances in development and analytical applications of biosensing probes. CRC Crit Rev Anal Chem 1988; 20: 149–96.

Raether H. Excitation of plasmons and interband transitions by electrons. Springer Tracts Modern Physics, Vol. 88. Chichester, Berlin: Springer Verlag. 1980; 190.

Liedberg B Nylander C Lundstrom I. Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing. Sensors Acutators 1983; 4: 299–304.

Mitchell P. Biosensors for drug monitoring. Lab Equip Dig 1990; June: 31–3.

Mandenius CF Mosbach K. Detection of biospecific interactions using amplified ellipsometry. Anal Biochem 1988; 170: 68–72.