BunkerJPBendixenHHMurphyAJ. Hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered sodium citrate. N Engl J Med1962; 266: 372–7.
10.
CooperNBrazierJRHottenrotCMyocardial depression following citrated blood transfusion: an avoidable complication. Arch Surg1973; 107: 756–63.
11.
DropLLaverMB. Low plasma ionized calcium and response to calcium therapy in critically ill man. Anesthesiol1975; 43: 300–6.
12.
OlingerGNHottenrotCMulderDGAcute clinical hypocalcaemic myocardial depression during rapid blood transfusion and postoperative hemodialysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1976; 72: 503–11.
13.
StulzPMScheideggerDDropLJVentricular pump performance during hypocalcaemia: clinical and experimental studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1979; 78: 185–94.
14.
DropUScheideggerD. Plasma ionized calcium concentration: important determinant of the hemodynamic response to calcium infusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1980; 79: 425–31.
15.
GinsburgREssermanUBristowMR. Myocardial performance and extracellular ionized calcium in a severely failing human heart. Ann Int Med1983; 98: 603–6.
16.
HenrichWLHuntJMNixonJV. Increased ionized calcium and left ventricular contractility during hemodialysis. New Engl J Med1984; 310: 19–23.
17.
CohnJN. Calcium, vascular smooth muscle, and calcium entry blockers in hypertension. Ann Int Med1983; 98: 806–9.
18.
McCarronDA. Low scrum concentrations of ionized calcium in patients with hypertension. New Engl J Med1982; 307: 226–8.
19.
Fogh-AndersenNHedegaardLThodeJSex-dependent relation between ionized calcium in scrum and blood pressure. Clin Chem1984; 30: 116–18.
20.
BuckleyBMSmithSCHBeeversMLack of evidence of low ionised calcium levels in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol1987; 59: 878–80.
21.
RasmussenHBarrettPQ. The calcium messenger system: an integrated view. Physiol Rev1984; 64: 938–84.
22.
BuckleyBMSmithSCHHeathDABoldAM. Clinical studies on ionized calcium using the Radiometer ICA1 analyser. Scand J Clin Lab Invest1983; 43 (Suppl 165): 87–92.
23.
ToffalettiJNissensonREndresDInfluence of continuous infusion of citrate on responses of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, calcium and magnesium components, and other electrolytes in normal adults during plateletpheresis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1985; 60: 874–9.
24.
PayneRBLittleAJWilliamsRBMilnerJR. Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J1973; 4: 643–6.
25.
Editorial. Correcting the calcium. Br Med J1977; 1: 598.
26.
LadensonJHLewisJWBoydJC. Failure of total calcium corrected for protein, albumin, and pH to correctly assess free calcium status. Clin Endocrinol Metab1978; 46: 986–93.
27.
ConceicaoSWeightmanDSmithPAScrum ionised calcium concentration: measurement versus calculation. Br Med J1978; 1: 1103–5.
28.
PainRWRowlandKMPhillipsPJDuncanBM. Current corrected calcium concept challenged. Br Med J1975; 4: 617–9.
29.
HillPG. The measurement of albumin in serum and plasma. Ann Clin Biochem1985; 22: 565–78.
30.
AshbyJPWrightDJRinslerMG. The adjusted scrum calcium concept—a reappraisal. Ann Clin Biochem1986; 23: 533–7.
31.
GardnerMDDryburghFJFyffeJAJenkinsAS. Predictive value of derived calcium figures based on the measurement of ionised calcium. Ann Clin Biochem1981; 18: 106–9.
32.
BoinkABTJSprokhoitRMaasAHJOccurrence and possible mechanism of Mg21 interference on the ICA-1. In: MaasAHJBoinkABTJSarisNLSprokhoitRWimberleyPD, eds. Methodology and Clinical Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes. Vol. 7. Proc. 4th Meeting of the European Working Group on Ion Selective Electrodes, Helsinki, Finland, 1985. Copenhagen: Private Press1986; 123–29.
33.
BoinkABTJBuckleyBMCovingtonAKReference method for the determination of ionized calcium in scrum, plasma or whole blood. In: MaasAHJBoinkABTJSarisNLSprokhoitRWimberleyPD, eds. Methodology and Clinical Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes. Vol. 7. Proc. 4th Meeting of the European Working Group on Ion Selective Electrodes, Helsinki, Finland. 1985. Copenhagen, Denmark: Private Press1986; 215–36.
34.
BoinkABTJGimpelJAMaasAHJ. A comparison of four Ca21analyzers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest1983; 43 (Suppl 165): 17–9.
35.
UldallAFogh-AndersenNThodeJMeasurement of ionized calcium with five types of instruments. An external quality assessment. Scan J Clin Lab Invest1985; 45: 255–61.
36.
GrimaJMBrandMJD. Activity and interference effects in measurements of ionized calcium with ion-selective electrodes. Clin Chem1977; 23: 2048–54.
37.
ButlerSJPayneRBGunnIRCorrelation between serum ionised calcium and scrum albumin concentrations in two hospital populations. Br Med J1984; 289: 948–50.
38.
BesarabACaroJF. Increased absolute calcium binding to albumin in hypoalbuminaemia. J Clin Pathol1981; 34: 1368–74.
39.
PayneRB. Clinically significant effect of protein concentration on ion-selective electrode measurements of ionised calcium. Ann Clin Biochem1982; 19: 233–7.
40.
ThodeJFogh-AndersenN. Siggaard-Andersen M, Siggaard-Andersen O. Donnan effect or protein interference in ionised calcium measurements?Ann Clin Biochem1983; 20: 271–3.
41.
PedersenKO. The effect of protein concentration on potentiometric determination of ions in serum and blood. In: MaasAHJBoinkABTJSarisNLSprokhoitRWimberleyPD, eds. Methodology and Clinical Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes. Vol. 7. Proc. 4th Meeting of the European Working Group on Ion Selective Electrodes, Helsinki, Finland, 1985. Copenhagen: Private Press 1986, 77–98.
42.
FreanyREganTMcKennaMJDetermination of ionised calcium by ion-selective electrode is not independent of albumin concentration. Clin Chim Acta1986; 158: 129–38.
43.
SachsCThodeJ.Preanalytical errors in ionized calcium determination in blood: a review for a subsequent recommendation for blood sampling. In: MaasAHJBoinkABTJSarisNLSprokholtRWimberleyPD, eds. Methodology and Clinical Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes. Vol. 7. Proc. 4th Meeting of the European Working Group on Ion Selective Electrodes, Helsinki, Finland, 1985. Copenhagen: Private Press1986, 259–270.
44.
BowersGNBrassardCSenaSF. Measurement of ionized calcium in serum with ion-selective electrodes: a mature technology that can meet the daily service needs. Clin Chem1986; 32: 1437–47.
BurnsJLawRWGPatersonCR. Measurement of plasma ionised calcium: comparison of calcium-titrated sodium heparin and lithium heparin as anticoagulants. Med Lab Sci1987; 44: 187–9.
47.
Fogh-AndersenN. Ionized calcium analyzer with a built-in pH correction. Clin Chem1981; 27: 1264–7.
48.
SachsCThodeJSiggaard-AndersenOMueller-PlatheO.Recommendations for blood sampling for ionized calcium determination. In: MaasAHJBoinkABTJSarisNLSprokhoitRWimberleyPD, eds. Methodology and Clinical Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes. Vol. 7. Proc. 4th Meeting of the European Working Group on Ion Selective Electrodes, Helsinki, Finland, 1985. Copenhagen: Private Press1986, 249–58.
49.
NikolakakisNIDe FranciscoAMRodgerRSCEffect of storage on measurement of ionised calcium in serum of uremic patients. Clin Chem1985; 31: 287–9.
50.
BuckleyBMSmithSCH. Some factors influencing the quality of ionised calcium measurements. In: MaasAHJKofstadJSiggaard-AndersenOKokholmG, eds. Ionised Calcium, Sodium and Potassium by Ion Selective Electrodes. Vol. 5. Proc. 1st Meeting of the European Working Group on Ion Selective Electrodes, Oslo, Norway 1983. Copenhagen: Private Press1984, 173–83.
51.
SchaerHBachmannU. Ionized calcium in acidosis: differential effect of hypercapnic and lactic acidosis. Br J Anaesth1974; 46: 842–8.
52.
WennbergRPRasmussenLFAhlforsCE. Displacement of bilirubin from human albumin by three diurectics. J Paediatr1977; 90: 647–50.
53.
AguannoJJLadensonJH. Influence of fatty acids on the binding of calcium to human albumin. J Biol Chem1982; 257: 8745–8.
54.
CampionDSBluestoneRKlinenburgJR. Uric acid: characterisation of its interaction with human serum albumin. J Clin Invest1973; 52: 2383–6.
55.
Koch-WeserJSellersEM. Binding of drugs to serum albumin. N Engl J Med1976; 294: 311–16, 526–31.
56.
ShankaranSPolandRL. The displacement of bilirubin from albumin by furosemide. J Pediatr1977; 90: 642–6.
57.
ChanGMAshKOHentschelWWuJ. Effects of bilirubin on ionized calcium. Clin Chem1981; 27: 204–5.
58.
TsikoO.The influence of drugs on calcium compartmentation in human plasma. MSc Thesis 1983. University of Birmingham, UK.
59.
BrambleMGBlakeDRWhiteTIonized calcium in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br Med J1980; 281: 841–2.
60.
CaulfieldJBZirLHarthorneJW. Blood calcium levels in the presence of arteriographic contrast material. Circulation1975; 52: 119–23.
61.
LowJCSchaafMEarllJMIonic calcium determination in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Am Med Assoc1973; 223: 152–5.
62.
MuldowneyFPFreaneyRMcMullinJPSerum ionised and parathyroid hormone in renal stone disease. Quart J Med1976; 45: 75–86.
63.
MonchikJMMartinHF. Ionized calcium in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery1980; 88: 185–92.
64.
McLeodMKMonchikJMMartinHF. The role of ionized calcium in the diagnosis of subtle hypercalcaemia in symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery1984; 95: 667–73.
65.
LarssonLOhmanS. Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism. Clin Chem1978; 24: 1962–5.
66.
EdmondsonJWLiT-K. The relationship of serum ionized and total calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Lab Clin Med1976; 87: 624–9.
67.
Van't HoffWBallardieFWBicknellEJ. Primary hyperparathyroidism: the case for medical management. Br Med J1983; 287: 1605–8.
68.
PatersonCRBurnsJMowatE. Long term follow up of untreated primary hyperparathyroidism. Br Med J1984; 289: 1261–3.
69.
LadensonJHBowersGN. Free calcium in serum. 2. Rigor of homeostatic control, correlations with total serum calcium, and review of data on patients with disturbed calcium metabolism. Clin Chem1973; 19: 575–82.
70.
ShemerdiakWPKukrejaSCLadTEEvaluation of routine ionized calcium determination in cancer patients. Clin Chem1981; 27: 1621–2.
71.
BoydJCLadensonJH. Value of laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia. Am J Med1984; 77: 863–72.
72.
DuncanPHWillsMRSmithBJSavoryJ. Clinical studies of protein-bound calcium in various diseases. Clin Chem1982; 28: 672–5.
73.
AguannoJGorenMLadensonJH. Multiple myeloma and hypercalcaemia?Clin Chem1979; 25: 1821–5.
74.
AnnesleyTMBurrittMFKyleRA. Artifactual hypercalcaemia in multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc1982; 57: 572–5.
75.
MRC Working Party on leukaemia in adults. Analysis and mangagement of renal failure in fourth MRC myelomatosis trial. Br Med J1984; 288: 1411–16.
76.
DasJBEraklisAJFillerRMAdamsJG. Serum ionic calcium: changes with large volume blood transfusions in the infant. J Pediatr Surg1971; 6: 333–8.
77.
DenlingerJKNahrwoldMLGibbsPSLeckyJH. Hypocalcaemia during rapid blood transfusion in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth1976; 48: 995–9.
WesthorpeRNVargheseZPetricAChanges in ionized calcium and other plasma constituents associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth1978; 50: 951–7.
AbbottTR. Changes in scrum calcium fractions and citrate concentrations during massive blood transfusions and cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth1983; 55: 753–60.
82.
MorrellDFJarosGGThorningtonR. Calcium supplementation during cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric surgery. SA Med J1984; 66: 367–8.
83.
LudbrookJWynnV. Citrate intoxication: a clinical and experimental study. Br Med J1958; 2: 523–8.
84.
GrayTABuckleyBMSealeyMIs Calcium important for hemodynamic stability during liver transplantation?Transplantation Proc1985; 17: 290–2.
85.
GrayTABuckleyBMSealeyMPlasma ionized calcium monitoring during liver transplantation. Transplantation1986; 41: 335–9.
86.
KostGJJammalMAWardRESafwatAM. Monitoring of ionized calcium during human hepatic transplantation. Am J Clin Pathol1986; 86: 61–70.
87.
BunkerJP. Metabolic effects of blood transfusion. Anesthesiol1966; 27: 446–55.
88.
CarlonGCHowlandWSGoldinerPLAdverse effects of calcium administration. Arch Surg1978; 113: 882–5.
89.
CoburnJWSlatopolskyE.Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and renal osteodystrophy. In: BrennerBMRectorFC, eds. The Kidney. Philadelphia, London: WB Saunders Co.1986: 1657–729.
90.
WhiteTFFarndonJRConceicaoSCSerum calcium status in health and disease: a comparison of measured and derived parameters. Clin Chim Acta1986; 157: 199–214.
91.
LemeCESilvaHB. Interaction of calcium ions with scrum albumin in chronic renal failure. Clin Chim Acta1977; 77: 287–94.
92.
BurrittMFPieridesAMOffordKP. Comparative studies of total and ionized scrum calcium values in normal subjects and patients with renal disorders. Mayo Clin Proc1980; 55: 606–13.
93.
VezzoliGElliAPalazziPHigh plasma ionized calcium with normal PTH and total calcium levels in normal-function kidney transplant recipients. Nephron1986; 42: 290–4.
94.
KurtzSBMcCarthyJTKumarR. Hypercalcaemia in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (C.A.P.D.) patients: observations on parameters of calcium metabolism. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series1981; 567: 467–72.
95.
EvansSEDurbinGM. Aspects of the physiological and pathological background to neonatal clinical chemistry. Ann Clin Biochem1983; 20: 193–207.
96.
ScottSMLadensonJHAguannaJJEffect of calcium therapy in the sick premature infant with early neonatal hypocalcemia. J Pediatr1984; 104: 747–51.
97.
BrownDMBoenJBersteinA. Serum ionized calcium in newborn infants. Pediatr1972; 49: 841–6.
98.
WandrupJKancirCNorgaard-PedersenB. The concentration of free calcium ions in capillary blood from neonates on a routine basis using the ICA I. Stand J Clin Lab Invest1984; 44: 19–24.
99.
TsangRAbramsLJoyceTHIonized Ca in neonates in relation to gestational age. J Pediatr1979; 94: 126–9.
100.
RaddeICParkinsonDKHoffkenBCalcium ion activity in the sick neonate: effect of bicarbonate administration and exchange transfusion. Pediatr Res1972; 6: 43–9.
101.
ZalogaGPChernowBCookDAssessment of calcium homeostasis in the critically ill surgical patient. Ann Surg1985; 202: 587–94.
102.
FentonJJJonesMHartfordCE. Calcium fractions in serum of patients with thermal burns. J Trauma1983; 23: 863–6.
103.
SzyfelbeinSKDropLJMartinJAJ. Persistent ionized hypocalcaemia in patients during resuscitation and recovery phases of body burns. Crit Care Med1981; 9: 454–8.
104.
WooPCarpenterMATrunkeyD. Ionized calcium: the effect of septic shock in the human. J Surg Res1979; 26: 605–10.
105.
CrotonRSWarrenRAStottARobertsNB. Ionized calcium in acute pancreatitis and its relationships with total calcium and serum lipase. Br J Surg1981; 68: 241–4.
106.
BlakeDRFisherGCWhiteTBrambleMG. Ionised calcium in fat embolism. Br Med J1979; 2: 902.
107.
RileyDMWattDC. Hypercalcaemia in the etiology of puerperal psychosis. Biol Psychiatry1985; 20: 479–88.
108.
SibbaldACovingtonAKCarterRF. Online patient-monitoring system for the simultaneous analysis of blood K1, Ca2+, Na+ and pH using a quadruple-function ChemFET integrated-circuit sensor. Med Biol Eng Comput1985; 23: 329–38.