Analytical Reviews in Clinical Chemistry: Methods for the Estimation of Salicylate and Paracetamol in Serum,Plasma and Urine

Done AK . Aspirin overdosage, incidence, diagnosis and management. Paediatrics 1978; 62: (Suppl) 890–7.

Prescott AT Wright NF Pascoe P Brown SS . Plasma paracetamol half life and hepatic necrosis in patients with paracetamol overdosage. Lancet 1977; 1: 519–22.

Brodie BB Udenfreund S Coburn AF . Determination of salicylic acid in plasma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1944; 80: 114–7.

Lester D Greenberg LA . Metabolic fate of acetanilid and other aniline derivatives. Major metabolites of acetanilid appearing in blood. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1947; 90: 68–75.

Miskolczi P Vorcezkey L . Human pharmacokinetics of analgesics and methods for their determination in biological fluids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1985; 3: 209–26.

Williams LA Linn RA Zak B . Differential ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of serum salicylates. J Lab Clin Med 1959; 53: 156–62.

Routh JI Shane NA Arredondo EG . Method for the determination of acetylsalicylic acid in the blood. Clin Chem 1967; 13: 734–43.

Routh JI Shane NA Arredondo EG Paul WG . Determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in plasma. Clin Chem 1968; 14: 882–9.

Schachter D Manis JG . Salicylate and salicyl conjugates: Fluorimetric estimation biosynthesis and renal excretion in man. J Clin Invest 1958; 37: 800–7.

Keller WJ . Rapid method for the determination of salicylates in serum or plasma. Am J Clin Pathol 1947; 17: 415–7.

Biber MZ Rhodes CT . Modification of Trinder's method for the assay of salicylates in biological fluids. Clin Chim Acta 1974; 54: 135–6.

Moss DG . Micro method for blood salicylate estimations. J Clin Pathol 1952; 5: 208–11.

Weichselbaum TE Shapiro IM . Rapid and simple method for determination of salicylic acid in small amounts of blood plasma. Am J Clin Pathol 1945; 9 (Tech Suppl): 42–4.

Reid J . Docs sodium salicylate cure rheumatic fever? Quart J Med 1948; 17: 139–51.

Valterra M Jacobs MD . Simple method for determination of salicylates in blood. J Lab Clin Med 1947; 32: 1282–3.

Trinder P . Rapid determination of salicylate in biological fluids. Biochem J 1954; 57: 301–3.

Kang ES Todd TA Capaci MT . Measurement of true salicylate concentrations in serum from patients with Reyes Syndrome. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 1012–14.

Dalrymple RW Steams FM . Diflunisol interference with determination by the Trinder, Abbott TDx and Du Pont ACA methods. Clin Chem 1986; 1: 230.

Kwong T Adams N Young N . Rapid determination of salicylate in serum on a centrifugal analyser. Clin Biochem 1984; 17: 170–2.

Thomas BH Solomonraj G Caldwell B . The estimation of acetyl salicylic acid and salicylate in biological fluids by gas liquid chromatography. J Pharm Pharmac 1973; 25: 201–201.

Walter LJ Biggs DF Coutts RT . Simultaneous GLC estimation of salicylic acid and aspirin in plasma. J Pharm Sri 1984; 63: 1754–8.

Ardrey RE Moffat AC . Gas-liquid chromatographic retention indices of 1318 substances of toxicological interest on SE-30 or OV-1 stationary phase. J Chromatogr 1981; 220: 195–252.

Micelli J . Simultaneous measurements of acetaminophen and salicylate in plasma by liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1979; 25(b): 1002–4.

Lo LY Bye A . Specific and sensitive method for the determination of aspirin and salicylic acid in plasma using reversed phase HPLC. J Chromatogr 1980; 181: 473–7.

Rumble RH Roberts MS . Determination of aspirin and its major metabolites by HPLC without solvent extraction. J Chromatogr 1981; 225: 252–60.

Buskin JN Upton RA Williams RL . Improved liquid chromatography of aspirin, salicylate and salicyluric acid in plasma. Clin Chem 1982; 23 (5): 1200–3.

Mays DC Sharp DE Beach CA . Improved method of determining aspirin and its metabolites in biological fluids by HPLC. J Chromatogr 1984; 311: 301–9.

O'Kruk RJ Adams MA Philip RB . Rapid and sensitive determination of acetyl salicylic acid and its metabolites using HPLC. J Chromatogr 1984; 310: 343–52.

Brandon RA Eadie MJ Smith MT . A sensitive liquid chromatographic assay for plasma aspirin and salicylate concentration after low doses of aspirin. Ther Drug Monit 1985; 7: 216–21.

Blair D Rumack BH Peterson R . Analysis for salicylic acid in serum by high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1978; 24 (9): 1543–4.

Chan BE Johns D Bochner F . Simultaneous liquid chromatographic quantitation of salicylic acid, salicyl-uric acid and gentisic acid in plasma. Clin Chem 1982; 25: 1420–5.

Bakar SK Niazi S . High Performance Liquid chromatographic determination of aspirin and its metabolites in plasma and urine. J Pharm Sri 1983; 72: 1020–3.

Harrison LI Funk ML Ober RE . High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of salicylsalicylic acid, aspirin and salicylic acid in human plasma and urine. J Pharm Sri 1980; 69: 1268–71.

Levine B Caplan YH . Liquid chromatographic determination of salicylate and methyl salicylate in blood. J Anal Toxicol 1984; 8: 239–41.

Douidar SM Ahmed AE . Studies on the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, salicylic acid and salicyluric acid in biological fluids by high performance liquid chromatography. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1982; 20: 791–8.

Kinberger B Holmen A . Simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, theophylline and salicylate in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1982; 229: 492–7.

Greenblatt DJ Matlis R Abernethy DR . Improved liquid chromatographic analysis of phenytoin and salicylate using radial compression separation. J Chromatogr 1983; 275: 450–7.

Jansson SO Andersson I . Determination of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic anhydride and acetylsalicylsalicylic acid in acetylsalicylic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. Acta Pharm Suc 1977; 14: 161–70.

Dadgar D Climax J Lambe R Darragh A . High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of certain salicylates and their major metabolites in plasma following topical administration of a liniment to healthy subjects. J Chromatogr 1985; 342: 315–21.

Roth W Beschke K Jauch R . Fully automated high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1981; 222: 13–22.

You K Bittikofer JA . Quantification of salicylate in serum by the use of salicylate hydroxylase. Clin Chem 1984; 30: 1549–51.

Chubb SAP Campbell RS Ramsay JR . An enzyme mediated colorimetric method for the measurement of salicylate. Clin Chim Acta 1986; 155: 209–20.

Huggett A Blair IA . Biochem Soc Trans 1982; 10: 519–20.

Stewart MJ Adriaenssens PI Jarvie DR Prescott LF . Inappropriate methods for the emergency determination of plasma paracetamol. Ann Clin Biochem 1979; 16, 89–95.

Brodie BB Axelrod J . The estimation of acetanilide and its metabolic products, aniline. N-acetyl-p-aminophcnol and p-aminophenol in biological fluids and tissues. J Pharm Exp Ther 1948; 94: 22–8.

Weiner K . A review of methods for plasma paracetamol estimation. Ann Clin Biochem 1978; 15: 187–96.

Gibson PF . Haemodialysis in paracetamol self-poisoning. Lancet 1972; 2: 607.

Dordoni B Wilson RA Thomson RPH Williams R . Reduction in absorption of paracetamol by activated charcoal and cholestyramine—a possible therapeutic measure. Br Med J 1973; iii: 86–7.

Knepil J . A sensitive, specific method for measuring N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (paracetamol) in blood. Clin Chim Acta 1974; 52: 369–72.

Welch Conney AH . A simple method for the quantitative determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) in urine. Clin Chem 1965; 11: 1064–7.

Tompsett SL . The detection and determination of phenacetin and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (paracetamol) in blood and urine. Ann Clin Biochem 1969; 6: 81–2.

White TA . Plasma paracetamol (acetaminophen) measurement. Lancet 1976; 2: 696.

Wilkinson GS . Rapid determination of plasma paracetamol. Ann Clin Biochem 1976; 13: 435–6.

Love EB . Measuring plasma paracetamol. Lancet 1977; 1: 195.

Novotony RE Elser RC . Indophenol method for acetaminophen in serum examined. Clin Chem 1984; 3 (6): 884–6.

Miola JM . Emergency determination of acetaminophen. Clin Chem 1978; 24 (9): 1642–3.

Swanson MB Walters MI . Rapid colorimetric assay for acetaminophen without salicylate or phenylephrine interference. Clin Chem 1982; 28 51: 1171–3.

Chefetz L Daly RE Schriftman H Lomner J . Selective colorimetric method for the determination of plasma paracetamol. J Pharm Sci 1971; 60: 463–6.

Glynn JP Kendal SE . Paracetamol measurement. Lancet 1975; 1: 1147–8.

Bailey DN . Colorimetry of serum acetaminophen (paracetamol) in uraemia. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 187–90.

Mace PFK Walker G . Salicylate interference with plasma paracetamol method. Lancet 1976; 2: 1362.

Longlands MG Weiner K . Minimisation of salicylate interference in the Glynn and Kendal paracetamol procedure. Ann Clin Biochem 1982; 19: 187–90.

Barker JD de Carle DJ Anuras S . Chronic excessive acetaminophen use and liver damage. Arch Intern Med 1977; 87: 299–301.

Bultery JE Braiotta EA Pannal PR . Correction for salicylate interference in the colorimetric paracetamol assay. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 122: 301–4.

Shihabi ZK David RM . Colorimetric assay for acetaminophen in serum. Ther Drug Monitor 1984; 6: 449–53.

Prescott LF . The gas liquid chromatographic estimation of phenacetin and paracetamol in plasma and urine. J Pharm Pharmac 1971; 23: 111–15.

Prescott LF . The gas liquid chromatographic estimation of paracetamol. J Pharm Pharmac 1971; 23: 807.

Grove J . Gas liquid chromatography of N-acctyl-p-aminophenol in plasma and urine. J Chromatogr 1971; 59: 289–91.

Street HV . Estimation and identification in blood plasma of paracetamol in the presence of barbiturates. J Chromatogr 1975; 109: 29–36.

Stewart MJ Willis RG . Simplified gas chromatographic assay for paracetamol. Ann Clin Biochem 1975; 12: 4–8.

Chambers RE Jones K . Comparison of a gas chromatographic and a colorimetric method for the determination of plasma paracetamol. Ann Clin Biochem 1976; 13: 433–4.

Dechtiaruk WA Johnson GF Solomon HM . Gas chromatographic method for acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) based on sequential alkylation. Clin Chem 1976; 22 (6): 879–83.

Hackett LP Dusci LJ . Determination of paracetamol in human serum. Clin Chim Acta 1977; 74: 187–90.

Evans MA Harbison RD . GLC microanalyses of phenacitin and acetaminophen plasma levels. J Pharm Sci 1977; 66: 1628–9.

Sharman JR . OV-225 as a stationary phase for the determination of anticonvulsants, mexiletine, barbiturates and acetaminophen. J Anal Tox 1981; 5: 153–6.

Becherucci C Runci FM Segre G . Gas chromatographic determination of paracetamol in plasma. Farmaco (Prat) 1981; 36: 312–312.

Huggett A Andrews P Flanagan RJ . Rapid micromethod for the measurement of paracetamol in blood, plasma or serum using gas liquid chromatography with flame ionisation detection. J Chromatogr 1981; 209: 67–76.

Chan K Highley MS . An ECD–GLC technique for the determination of paracetamol in human biofluids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30 (Suppl): 91P.

Baty JD Robinson PR Wharton J . A method for the estimation of acetanilide, paracetamol and phenacitin in plasma and urine using mass fragmentography. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1976; 3: 60–3.

Mrochek TE Katz S Christie WH Dinsmore SR . Acetaminophen metabolism in man as determined by high resolution liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1984; 20: 1086–96.

Blair D Rumack BH . Acetaminophen in serum and plasma estimated by HPLC. A microscale method. Clin Chem 1977; 23: 743–5.

Knox JH Jurand J . Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites in urine by high performance liquid chromatography using reversed phase bonded supports. J Chromatogr 1978; 142: 651–70.

Knox JH Jurand J . Determination of paracetamol and its metabolites in urine by HPLC using ion pair systems. J Chromatogr 1978; 149: 297–312.

Howie D Adriaenssens PI Prescott LF . Paracetamol metabolism following overdosage. application of high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Pharmac 1977; 29: 235–7.

Adriaenssens PI Prescott LF . High performance liquid chromatographic estimation of paracetamol metabolites in plasma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 6: 87–8.

Buchanan T Adriaenssens PI Stewart MJ . A micro-method for the emergency determination of paracetamol concentration using high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 99: 161–5.

Horvitz RA Jatlow PI . Determination of acetaminophen concentration in serum by high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1977; 23: 1596–8.

Gotelli GR Kabra PM Marton LJ . Determination of acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1977; 23: 957–9.

Wong LT Solomonraj G Thomas BH . High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of acetaminophen in biological fluids. J Pharm Sci 1976; 65: 1064–6.

Demotes-Muinard F Jarry Vinccon C Albin H . Dosage plasmatique du paracetamol par chromatographic liquide haute performance. Application a une etude pharmacocinetique. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 1984; 42: 9–9.

Korduba CA Petruzzi RF . High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of trace amounts of acetaminophen in plasma. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73: 117–19.

van der Wal S Bannister SJ Snyder LR . Automated analysis of acetaminophen and caffeine in serum using the FAST-LC system: Contributions to assay imprecision in procedures based on HPLC with sample pre-treatment. J Chromatogr Sci 1982; 20: 260–5.

Buskin JN Upton RA Williams RL . Improved acetaminophen assay sensitivity by modification of a high performance liquid chromatography technique. J Chromatogr 1982; 230: 443–7.

Ameer B Greenblatt DJ Divall M . High performance liquid chromatographic determination of acetaminophen in plasma: Single dose kinetic studies. J Chromatogr 1981; 226: 224–30.

West JC . Rapid HPLC analysis of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in blood and postmortem viscera. J Anal Tox 1981; 5: 118–21.

Fletterick CG Grove TH Hohnadel DC . Liquid chromatographic determination of acetaminophen in serum. Clin Chem 1979; 23: 743–6.

Manno BR Manno JE Dempsey CA Wood MA . An HPLC method for the determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) in serum or plasma using a direct injection technique. J Anal Toxicol 1981; 5: 24–48.

Jung D Zofar NU . Micro high performance liquid chromatographic assay of acetaminophen and its major metabolites in plasma and urine. J Chromatogr 1985; 339: 198–202.

Munson JW Weierstall R Kostenbauder HB . Determination of acetaminophen in plasma by HPLC with EC detection. J Chromatogr 1978; 145: 328–31.

Riggin RM Schmidt AL Kissinger PT . Determination of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical preparations and body fluids by HPLC with electrochemical detection. J Pharm Sci 1975; 65: 1064–70.

Surmann P. HPLC determination of paracetamol in serum by electrochemical detection. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 313, 399–405.

Kelly RC Doshier LA Rubin HR . A convenient thin layer chromatographic screening method for acetaminophen in serum. J Anal Tox 1984; 8: 54–8.

Drehsen G Rohdewald P . Rapid high performance thin layer chromatography of salicylic acid, salicylamide, ethoxybenzamide and paracetamol in saliva. J Chromatogr 1981; 223: 479–83.

Hepler B Weber J Sutheimer C Sunshine I . Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of acetaminophen in serum. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 81: 602–10.

Keegan C Smith C Ungemach F Simpson J . A fluorescence polarisation immunoassay for the quantitation of acetaminophen. Clin Chem 1984; 30 (b): 1025 (Abstract).

Hammond PM Scawen MD Price CP . Enzyme based paracetamol estimation. Lancet 1981; 1: 391–2.

Price CP Hammond PM Scawen MD . Evaluation of an enzymic procedure for the measurement of acetaminophen. Clin Chem 1983; 29 (2): 358–61.

Brown SS Campbell RS Price CP . Collaborative trial of an enzyme based assay for the determination of paracetamol in plasma. Ann Clin Biochem 1983; 20: 353–9.

Starkey BJ Locombe SM Smith J . Paracetamol (acetaminophen) analysis by HPLC. Interference studies and comparison with an enzymatic procedure. Ther Drug Monit 1986; 8: 78–84.

Hallworth MJ . Enzymic method for acetaminophen adapted to a centrifugal analyser. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 2123–4.

Alkhayat A . Modified enzymatic assay for acetaminophen. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 699–700.

Brown SS Smith AF . Salicylate estimation in the sideroom. Br Med J 1968; 4: 327.

Kendal SE Lloyd-Jones G Smith CF . The development of a blood paracetamol estimation kit. J Int Med Res 1976; 4 (Suppl 4): 83–8.

Widdop B. The paracetamol test kit in practice. J Int Med Res 1976; 4 (Suppl 4): 89–92.

Widdop B Goulding R . Paracetamol test kit. Lancet 1976; ii: 583.

Stewart MJ Barclay JE . Emergency estimation of plasma paracetamol. Lancet 1976; ii: 362–3.