CreasonJPHinnersTABumgarnerJEPinkertonC. Trace elements in hair, as related to exposure in metropolitan New York. Clin Chem.1975; 21: 603–12.
2.
Sky-PeckHHJosephBJ. The ‘use’ and ‘misuse’ of human hair in trace metal analysis. In: BrownSSSavoryJ, eds. Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals. London: Academic Press, 1983; 159–63.
3.
CherryWH. Distribution of cadmium in human tissues. In: NriaguJO, ed. Cadmium in the environment. Part II. Chichester: Wiley-Interscience, 1981; 69–536.
4.
HambidgeKM. Hair analysis: worthless for vitamins, limited for minerals. Am J Clin Nutr.1982; 36: 943–9.
5.
RivlinRS. Misuse of hair analysis for nutritional assessment. Am J Med.1983; 75: 489–93.
6.
BakirFDamlujiSFAmin-ZakiLMurtadhaMKhalidaAAl-RawinYTikritiSDhahirHIClarksonTWSmithJCDohertyRA. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science1973; 181: 230–41.
7.
BarrettS. Commercial hair analysis. Science or scam. JAMA1985; 254: 1041–5.
8.
RyanDEHolzbecherJStuartDC. Trace elements in scalp hair of persons with multiple sclerosis and of normal individuals. Clin Chem.1978; 24: 1996–2000.
9.
SchroederHANasonAP. Trace metals in human hair. J Invest Dermatol1969; 53: 71–8.
10.
NomotoSSundermanFWJr. Atomic absorption spectrometry of nickel in serum, urine and other biological materials. Clin Chem.1970; 16: 477–85.
11.
SpruitDBongaartsPJM. Nickel content of plasma, urine and hair in contact dermatitis. In: BrownSS, ed. Clinical Chemistry and Chemical Toxicology of Metals. Amsterdam: Elsevier/ North-Holland, 1977; 261–4.
12.
KlevayLM. Hair as a biopsy material. II. Assessment of copper nutriture. Am J Clin Nutr.1970; 23: 1194–202.
13.
PeteringHGYeagerDWWitherupSO. Trace metal content of hair. I. Zinc and copper content of human hair in relation to sex. Arch Environ Health1971; 23: 202–7.
14.
McKenzieJMNeallieJD. Cadmium in urine and hair from New Zealand Adults. Trace Elements in Environmental Health—VIII. HemphillDD, ed. Columbia: University of Missouri, 1974; 45–8.
15.
McKenzieJMGuthrieBEPriorIAM. Zinc and copper status of Polyneian residents in the Tokelau Islands. Am J Clin Nutr.1978; 31: 422–8.
16.
DeemingSBWeberCW. Hair analysis of trace minerals in human subjects as influenced by age, sex and contraceptive drugs. Am J Clin Nutr.1978; 31: 1175–80.
17.
MacDonaldLDGibsonRSMilesJE. Changes in hair zinc and copper concentrations of breast fed and bottle fed infants during the first six months. Acta Paediat Scand.1982; 71: 785–9.
18.
GibsonRSAndersonBMScythesCA. Regional differences in hair zinc concentrations: a possible effect of water hardness. Am J Clin Nutr.1983; 37: 37–42.
19.
HerberRFMWibowoAAEDasHAEggerRJvan DeyckWZielhuisRL. Trace element levels in hair of eight-year-old children. Int Arch Occup Environ Health1983; 53: 127–37.
20.
ErtenJArcasoyACavdarACinS. Hair zinc levels in healthy and malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr.1978; 31: 1172–4.
21.
PeteringHGYeagerDWWitherupSO. Trace metal content of hair. II. Cadmium and lead of human hair in relation to age and sex. Arch Environ Health1973; 27: 327–30.
22.
WeissDWhittenBLeddyD. Lead content of human hair (1871–1971). Science1972; 178: 69–70.
23.
ReevesRDJolleyKWBuckleyPD. Lead in human hair: Relation to age, sex and environmental factors. Bull Environ Cont Tox1975; 14: 579–87.
24.
KlevayLM. Hair as a biopsy material. III. Assessment of environmental lead exposure. Arch Environ Health1973; 26: 169–72.
25.
KrautHWeberM. Uber den bleigehalt der haare. BioChem.1944; 317: 133–48.
26.
SuzukiYNishiyamaKMatsukaY. Studies on lead content and physical properties of the hair in lead poisoning. Tokushima J Exp Med.1958; 5: 111–9.
27.
BarryPSI. A comparison of concentrations of lead in human tissues. Brit J Indust Med.1975; 32: 119–39.
28.
GibsonRSDeWolfeMS. Changes in hair trace metal concentrations in some Canadian low birth weight infants. Nutr Rep Intl1980; 21: 341–9.
29.
HambidgeKM. Chromium nutrition in man. Am J Clin Nutr.1974; 27: 505–14.
30.
GrossSBYeagerDWMiddendorfMN. Cadmium in liver, kidney and hair of humans, fetal through old age. J Toxicol Envir Health1976; 2: 153–67.
31.
HambidgeKMHambidgeCJacobsMBaumJD. Low levels of zinc in hair, anorexia, poor growth and hypogeusia in children. Pediat Res.1972; 6: 868–74.
32.
HurryVJGibsonRS. The zinc, copper and manganese status of children with malabsorption syndromes and inborn errors of metabolism. Biol Tr Elem Res.1982; 4: 157–73.
33.
ShimomuraSKimuraANakagawaHTakaoM. Mercury levels in human hair and sex factors. Environ Res.1980; 22: 22–30.
34.
Musa-AlzubaidiILombeckIKasparekKFeinendegemLEBremerHJ. Hair selenium content during infancy and childhood. Europ J Paediat1982; 139: 295–6.
35.
NiculescuTDumitriRBothaVAlexandruRManolescuN. Relationship between the lead concentration in hair and occupational exposure. Brit J Ind Med.1983; 40: 67–70.
36.
GrandjeanP. Monitoring of environmental exposures to toxic metals. In: BrownSSSavoryJ, eds. Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals. London: Academic Press, 1983; 99–112.
37.
CotziasGCPapavasilouPSMillerST. Manganese in melanin. Nature1964; 201: 1228–9.
38.
RothmanS. Physiology and biochemistry of the skin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954.
39.
ElyDLMostrardiRAWoebkenbergNWorstellD. Aerometric and hair trace metal content in learning-disturbed children. Environ Res.1981; 25: 325–39.
40.
BradfieldRBHambidgeKM. Problems with hair zinc as an indicator of body zinc status. Lancet.1980; i: 363.
41.
HilderbrandDCWhiteDH. Trace element analysis in hair: an evaluation. Clin Chem.1974; 20: 148–51.
42.
McKenzieJM. Alteration of the zinc and copper concentration of hair. Am J Clin Nutr.1978; 31: 470–6.
43.
ClanetPDeAntonioSMKatzSASchneinerDM. Effects of some cosmetics on copper and zinc concentrations in human scalp hair. Clin Chem.1982; 28: 2450–1.
44.
PirlJNTownsendGFValaitisAKGrohlichDSpikesJJ. Death by arsenic. A comparative evaluation of exhumed body tissues in the presence of external contamination. J Anal Toxicol1983; 7: 216–9.
45.
NishiyamaKNordgergGF. Adsorption and elution of cadmium on hair. Arch Environ Health1972; 25: 92–6.
46.
BateLCDyerFF. Trace elements in human hair. Nucleonics1965; 23 (10): 74–81.
47.
HarrisonWWYarachekJPBensonCA. The determination of trace elements in human hair by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin Chim Acta1969; 23: 83–91.
48.
AssarianGSOberleasD. Effect of washing procedures on trace element content of hair. Clin Chem.1972; 23: 1771–2.
49.
SalmelaSVuoriEKilpioJO. The effect of washing procedures on trace element content of human hair. Anal Chim Acta1981; 125: 131–7.
50.
BuckleyRADreostiIE. Radioisotopic studies concerning the efficacy of standard washing procedures for the cleansing of hair before zinc analysis. Am J Clin Nutr.1984; 40: 840–6.
51.
IAEA. Activation analysis of hair as an indicator of contamination of man by environmental trace element pollutants. Report IAEA/RL/41H, Vienna, 1977.
52.
MossopRT. Trace elements in hair. Lancet.1982; ii: 1338.
53.
ChattopadhyayARobertsTRJervisRE. Scalp hair as a monitor of community exposure to lead. Arch Environ Health1977; 32: 226–36.
54.
HammerDIFinkleaJFHendricksRL. Trace metals in human hair as a simple epidemiological monitor of environmental exposure. In: HemphillVDD, ed. Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Columbia, Mo: University of Missouri Press, 1972; 25–38.
55.
SorensonJRJMelbyEGNofdPJPeteringHG. Interferences in the determination of metallic elements in human hair. Arch Environ Health1973; 27: 36–9.
56.
HinnersTATerrillWJKentJLColucciAV. Hair-metal binding. Envir Health Persp1974; 8: 191–9.
57.
HambidgeKM. Increase in hair copper concentration with increasing distance from the scalp. Am J Clin Nutr.1973; 26: 1212–5.
58.
AlderJFSamuelAJWestTS. The single element determination of trace metals in hair by carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta1976; 87: 313–21.
59.
ObrusnikIGislasonJMeasDMcMillanDKD'AuriaJPateBD. The variations of trace element concentrations in single head hairs. J Radioanal Chem.1973; 15: 115–34.
60.
CampbellJLFaiqSGibsonRSRussellSBSchulteCW. Determination of trace element profiles and concentrations in human hair by proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry. Anal Chem.1981; 53: 1249–53.
61.
ChattopadhyayAJervisRE. Hair as an indicator of multielement exposure in population groups. Eighth Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Columbia, Mo. 1974.
62.
OleruUG. Epidemiological implications of environmental cadmium. I. The probably utility of human hair for occupational trace metal (cadmium) screening. Am Ind Hyg Ass.1975; 36: 229–33.
63.
VuoriEHuunan-SeppalaAKilpioJO. The concentrations of copper manganese, zinc and cadmium in human hair as a possible indicator of their tissue concentrations. Recent Advances in Assessment of Health Effects to Environmental Pollution. IV, Symposium (Paris, 1974), Commission of the European Community, Luxembourg. 1975; 2263–70.
64.
HoppsHC. The biologic basis of using hair and nail for analysis of trace elements. Sci Total Environ1977; 7: 71–89.
65.
GrandjeanP. Lead concentration in single hairs as a monitor of occupational lead exposure. Intl Arch Occup Envir Health1978; 42: 69–81.
66.
EadsEALambdinA. A survey of trace metals in human hair. Environ Res.1973; 6: 247–52.
67.
BottomsEWyattEComaishS. Progressive changes in cuticular pattern along the shaft of human hair as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Brit J Dermatol1972; 86: 379–84.
68.
FlynnAFratianneRBHillOAPoriesWJStrainWH. Malversation in hair analysis. Am J Clin Nutr.1971; 24: 893–4.
69.
GrandjeanP. Lead poisoning: Hair analysis shows the calendar of events. Human Toxicol1984; 3: 223–8.
70.
HislopJSCollierTRWhiteGFKhathingDTFrenchE. The use of keratinised tissues to monitor the detailed exposure of man to methylmercury from fish. In: BrownSSSavoryJ, eds. Chem Tox Clin Chem Metals. London: Academic Press, 1983; 145–8.
71.
PhelpsRWClarksonTWKershawTGWheatleyB. Interrelationships of blood and hair mercury concentrations in a North American population exposed to methylmercury. Arch Environ Health1980; 35: 161–7.
72.
GoldenMHNGoldenBE. Trace elements in hair. Lancet.1982; ii: 1338–9.
73.
HolzbecherJRyanDE. Some observations on the interpretation of hair analysis data. Clin BioChem.1982; 15: 80–2.
74.
DeAntonioSMKatzSAScheinerDMWoodJD. Anatomically-related variations in trace-metal concentrations in hair. Clin Chem.1982; 28: 2411–3.
75.
ThatcherRWLesterML. Anatomically related variations in trace metal concentrations in hair: A comment. Clin Chem.1983; 29: 1691–2.
76.
CreasonJPSvendsgaardDBumgarnerJ. Maternal fetal tissue levels of 16 trace element substances in 8 selected continental United States communities. In: Proceedings of Conference on Trace Element Substances in Environmental Health. Columbia, Mo: University of Missouri, 1976.
77.
OrlandoPPerdelliFFrancoFPecoradiD. Sulla presenza di alcuni microelementi in gestanti a Genova. Estratto Giornale Igiene Ne Prev1978; 19: 62–7.
78.
OrlandoPPerdelliFFrancoJAlacevichC. Sulla presenza di alcuni microelementi in capelli e peli pubici di alcuni gestanti a Genova. Estratto Giornale Igiene Me Prev1978; 19: 76–82.
79.
BlandJ. Hair tissue mineral analysis. An emergent diagnostic technique. Thorsons Publishers Limited, Wellingborough, Northants. 1983.
80.
BriggsMHBriggsMWakatamaA. Trace elements in human hair. Experientia1972; 28: 406–7.
81.
BaumslagNYeagerDLevinLPeteringHG. Trace metal content of maternal and neonatal hair. Arch Environ Health1974; 29: 186–91.
82.
HambidgeKMDroegemeullerW. Changes in plasma and hair concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cr, and Mn during pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol1974; 44: 666–72.
83.
BergmannKEMakoschGTewsK-H. Abnormalities of hair zinc concentration in mothers of newborn infants with spina bifida. Am J Clin Nutr.1980; 33: 2145–50.
84.
HambidgeKMRodgersonDP. Comparison of hair chromium levels of nulliparous and parous women. Am J Obs Gyn1969; 103: 320–1.
85.
StrainWHSteadmanLTLankauCABerlinerWPPoriesWJ. Analysis of zinc levels in hair for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency in man. J Lab Clin Med.1966; 68: 244–9.
86.
GordusA. Factors affecting the trace metal content of human hair. J Radioanal Chem.1973; 15: 229–43.
87.
McKenzieJM. Influence of oral contraceptives on serum zinc, copper and cadmium. Fed Proc1974; 33: 629.
88.
JacobRAKlevayLMLoganGM. Hair as a biopsy material. V. Hair metal in rats: copper and zinc. Am J Clin Nutr.1978; 31: 477–80.
89.
CombsDKGoodrichRDMeiskeJC. Influence of dietary zinc or cadmium on hair and tissue mineral concentrations in rats and goats. J Anim Sci.1983; 56: 184–93.
HambidgeKMWalravensPANeldnerKH. The role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica. In: BrewerGJPrasadAS, eds. New York: Alan R Liss, 1977.
92.
EpsteinOBossAMBLyonTDBSherlockS. Hair copper in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr.1980; 33: 965–7.
93.
RiceEWGoldsteinNP. Copper content of hair and nails in Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Metabolism1861; 10: 1085–7.
94.
MartinGM. Copper content of hair and nails of normal individuals and of patients with hepatolenticular degeneration. Nature1964; 203: 903–4.
95.
GibbsKWalsheJ. Copper content of hair in normal families and those with Wilson's Disease. J Med Genet1965; 2: 181–4.
96.
GibbsGWBogdenovicE. Trace Elements in lung and hair. Recent Advances in Assessment of Health Effects to Environmental Pollution. IV. Symposium (Paris, 1974). Commission of the European Community, Luxembourg, 1975; 2271–83.
97.
GrahamGGCordanoA. Copper deficiency in human subjects. In: PrasadASOberleasD, eds. Trace Elements in Human Disease. New York: Academic Press, 1976; 363–72.
98.
BradfieldRBCordanoABaertlJGrahamGG. Hair copper in copper deficiency. Lancet.1980; ii: 343–4.
99.
DanksDM. Copper deficiency in humans. In: Biological Roles of Copper. CIBA Foundation. Symposium 79 (new series). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1980; 209–25.
100.
BaerMTKingJC. Tissue zinc levels and zinc excretion during experimental zinc depletion in young men. Am J Clin Nutr.1984; 39: 556–70.
101.
KlevayLM. Hair as a biopsy material. I. Assessment of zinc nutriture. Am J Clin Nutr.1970; 23: 284–9.
102.
McBeanLDMahloudjiMReinholdJGHalstedJA. Correlation of zinc concentrations in human plasma and hair. Am J Clin Nutr.1971; 24: 506–9.
103.
ShapcottD. Hair and plasma in the diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In: PrasadA, ed. Clinical Applications of Recent Advances in Zinc Metabolism. New York: Alan R Liss Inc., 1982; 121–39.
104.
MarumoFTsukamotoYIwanamiSKishimotoTYamagamiS. Trace element concentrations in hair, fingernails and plasma of patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialyis and hemefiltration. Nephron1984; 38: 267–72.
105.
WibowoAAEBrunekreefBLebretEPietersH. The feasibility of using lead in hair concentration in monitoring environmental exposure in children. Intl Arch Occup Environ Health1980; 46: 275–80.
106.
BarltropDStrehlowCThorntonIWebbJS, Absorption of lead from dust from dust and soil. Postgrad Med J1975; 51: 801–4.
107.
PueschelSKopitoLSchwachmanH. Children with increased lead burden. A screening and follow-up study. JAMA1972; 222: 462–6.
108.
RosmanithJEinbrodtHEhmW. Zum verhalten von cadmium und blei bei kindern mit unterschiedlicher cadmiumoder bliebelastung. Zentralbl Bakteriol[Orig B]1977; 165: 207–25.
109.
RockwaySWWeberCWLeiKYKemberlingSR. Lead concentrations of milk, blood and hair of lactating women. Intl Arch Occup Environ Health1984; 53: 181–7.
110.
SkerfvingS. Methylmercury exposure, mercury levels in blood and hair, and health status in Swedes consuming contaminated fish. Toxicol1974; 2: 3–23.
111.
Amin-ZakiLElhassaniSMajeedMAClarksonTWDohertyRAGreenwoodMRGiovanoli-JakubczakT. Perinatal methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Am J Dis Child1976; 130: 1070–6.
112.
IshiharaNUrashiyamaKSuzukiT. Inorganic and organic mercury in blood, urine and hair in low level mercury vapour exposure. Intl Arch Occup Environ Health1977; 40: 249–53.
113.
GallagherMLWebbPCrounseRBrayJWebbASettleE. Selenium levels in new growth hair and in while blood during ingestion of a selenium supplement for 6 weeks. Nutr Res.1984; 4: 577–82.
114.
PallaufJKirchgessnerM. Zinkkonzentration des rattenhaares bie zink-depletion und- repletion. Zur eignung des haares als indikator für die zinkvesorgung. Zbl Vet Med A1973; 20: 100–9.
115.
FrielJKGibsonRSBalassaRWattsJL. A comparison of the zinc, copper and manganese status of very low birth weight pre-term and full-term infants during the first twelve months. Acat Paediat Scand.1984; 73: 596–601.
116.
HambidgeKMWalravensPBrownRWebserJWhiteSAnthonyMRothML. Zinc nutrition in preschool children in the Denver Head Start Program. Am J Clin Nutr.1976; 29: 734–8.
117.
HambidgeKM. Zinc deficiency in children. In: HoekstraWG, ed. Trace Element Metabolism in Animals. Vol. 2. London: Butterworths, 1974.
118.
BradfieldRBYeeTBaertlJM. Hair zinc levels of Andean children during protein-calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr.1969; 22: 1349–53.
119.
MacDonaldIWarrenPJ. The copper content of the liver and hair of African children with kwashiokor. Brit J Nutr.1961; 15: 593–6.
120.
GopalanCReddyVMohanVS. Some aspects of copper metabolism in protein-calorie malnutrition. J Pediat1963; 63: 646–50.
121.
LeaCMLuttrellV. Copper content of hair in kwashiokor. Nature1965; 206: 414–4.
122.
LombeckIKasperekKHarbischHDBeckerKSchumannESchroterWFeinendegenLEBreinerHJ. The selenium state of children. II. Selenium content of serum, whole blood, hair and the activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in dietically treated patients with phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease. Europ J Paediat1978; 128: 213–23.
123.
BarrRDSmithHCameronHM. Tissue mercury levels in the mercury-induced nephrotic syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol.1973; 59: 515–7.
124.
OlynykFSharpeD. Mercury poisoning in paper pica. N Engl J Med.1982; 306: 1056–7.
125.
YokelRA. Hair as an indicator of excessive aluminium exposure. Clin Chem.1982; 28: 662–5.
126.
FrancisPCBirgeWJRobertsBLBlackJA. Mercury content of human hair: A survey of dental personnel. J Toxicol Environ Health1982; 10: 667–72.
127.
StankovicMMilicSDjuricDStankovicB. Cadmium, lead and mercury content of human scalp hair in relation to exposure. In: BrownSS, ed. Clin Chem Chem Tox Metals. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1977; 327–31.
128.
CarvalhoFTavaresTMSouzaSRLinharesPS. Lead and cadmium concentrations in the hair of fishermen from the Subea River Basin, Brazil. Environ Res.1984; 33: 300–6.
129.
WeberCWNelsonGWdeVaqueraMVPearsonPB. Lead concentration in hair of male pottery workers. Nutr Rep Intl1984; 30: 1009–18.
130.
HammerDIFinkleaJFHendricksRHShyCMHortonRJM. Hair trace metal levels and environmental exposure. Am J Epidemiol1971; 93: 84–92.
131.
KlevayLM. Hair as a biopsy material. IV. Geographical variations in the concentration of zinc. Nutr Rept Intl1974; 10: 181–7.
132.
LenihanJSmithHHarveyW. Mercury hazards in dental practice; assessment and control by activation analysis. Brit Dent J1973; 135: 365–70.
133.
PritchardJGMcMullinJFSikondariAH. The prevalence of high levels of mercury in dentists hair. Brit Dent J1982; 153: 333–6.
134.
SanerGYuzbasiyanVCigdemS. Hair chromium concentration and chromium excretion in tannery workers. Brit J Indust Med.1984; 41: 263–6.
135.
HuelGBoudeneCIbrahimMA. Cadmium and lead content of maternal and newborn hair: Relationship to parity, birthweight and hypertension. Arch Environ Health1981; 36: 221–7.
136.
GregerJLHigginsMMAbernathyRBKirkseyADecorsoMBBaligarP. Nutritional status of adolescent girls in regard to zinc, copper and iron. Am J Clin Nutr.1978; 31: 269–73.
137.
UnderwoodEJ. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th Edition. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
138.
OkamotoKMoratiMQuanHUehiroTFuwaK. Preparation and certification of human hair powder reference material. Clin Chem.1985; 31: 1592–7.