Analytical Reviews in Clinical Biochemistry: The Estimation of Creatinine

Liebig J . Kreatin und Kreatinin, Bestandtheile des Harns der Menschen. J Prakt Chem. 1847; 40: 288–92.

Horbaczewski J . Neve synthese des Kreatins. Weiner Med Jahrbucher 1885; 31: 459.

Paulmann W . Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Sarkosins. Arch Pharm 1994; 232: 601–39.

Goldman R . Creatinine excretion in renal failure. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954; 85: 446–8.

Cohen DB . Uremia: International Conference on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy. Stuttgart: Springer-Verlag, 1971.

Boroujerdi M Mattocks AM . Metabolism of creatinine in vivo . Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 1363–6.

Owens CWI Albuquerque ZD Tomlinson GM . In vitro metabolism of creatinine, methylamine and amino acids by intestinal contents of normal and uraemic subjects. Gut 1979; 20: 568–74.

Barsotti A Bevilacqua G Morelli E , Toxicity arising from guanidine compounds: Role of methylguanidine as a uremic toxin. Kidney Int. 1975; 7: 5299–301.

Hall PM Schuman M Vidt DG . Laboratory tests of renal function. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1976; 7: 33–47.

Bowers LD Wong ET . Kinetic serum creatinine assays: II A critical evaluation and review. Clin Chem. 1980; 26: 555–61.

Mitchell FL Veall N Watts RWE . Renal function tests suitable for clinical practice. Ann Clin BioChem. 1972; 9: 1–20.

Kafetz K . Renal impairment in the elderly: a review. J Roy Soc Med. 1983; 76: 398–402.

Kampmann J Siersbaek-Nielsen K Kristensen M , Rapid evaluation of creatinine clearance. Acta Med Scand. 1974; 196: 517–20.

Bennett WM Singer I Coggins CJ . A guide to drug therapy in renal failure. J Am Med Ass. 1974; 230: 1544–53.

Jelliffe RW . Estimation of creatinine clearance when urine cannot be collected. Lancet. 1971; i: 975–6.

Siersbaek-Nielsen K Hansen J Molholm Kampmann J , Rapid evaluation of creatinine clearance. Lancet. 1971; i: 1133–4.

Doolan PD Alpen EL Theil GB . A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinine. Am J Med. 1962; 32: 65–79.

Mitch WE Buffington GA Walser M , A simple method of estimating progression of chronic renal failure. Lancet. 1976; ii: 1326.

Rutherford WE Blondin J Miller JP , Chronic prognosis of renal disease; rate of change of serum creatinine concentration. Kidney Int. 1977; 11: 62–70.

Tobias GJ McLaughlin RF Hooper J . Endogenous creatinine clearance. N Engl J Med. 1962; 266: 317–23.

Morgan DB Dillon S Payne RR . The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine? Postgrad Med J 1978; 54: 302–10.

Rosano TG Brown HH . Analytical and biological variability of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: Implications for interpretation. Clin Chem. 1982; 28: 2330–1.

Folin O . Approximately complete analysis of thirty ‘normal urines’. Am J Physiol. 1905; 13: 45–65.

Paterson N . Relative constancy of 24 hour urine volume and 24 hour creatinine output. Clin Chim Acta 1967; 18: 57–8.

Scott PJ Hurley PJ . Demonstration of individual variation in constancy of 24 hour urinary creatinine excretion. Clin Chim Acta 1968; 21: 411–4.

Fraser CG . Desirable performance standards for clinical chemistry tests. Adv Clin Chem. 1983; 23: 299–339.

Statland BE Winkel P . Effects of pre-analytical factors on the intra individual variation of analytes in the blood of healthy subjects. Consideration of preparation of the subject and time of venipuncture. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1977; 8: 105–44.

Winkel P Bokelund H Statland BE . Factors contributing to intra individual variation of serum constituents. 5. Short term day-to-day and within-hour variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clin Chem. 1974; 20: 1520–7.

Winkel P Statland BE Bokelund H . The effects of time of venipuncture on variation of serum constituents: consideration of within-day and day-to-day changes in a group of healthy young men. Am J Clin Path 1975; 64: 433–47.

Young DS Harris EK Cotlove E . Biological and analytical components of variation in long term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. IV. Results of a study designed to eliminate long term analytical deviations. Clin Chem. 1971; 17: 403.

Cotlove E Harris EK Williams GZ . Biological and analytical components of variation in long term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. III. Physiological and medical implications. Clin Chem. 1970; 16: 1028–32.

Tonks DB . A study of the accuracy and precision of clinical chemistry determinations in 170 Canadian laboratories. Clin Chem. 1963; 9: 217–23.

Elevitch FR . Proceedings of the 1976 Aspen Conference on Analytical Goals in Clinical Chemistry. Illinois: C.A.P., 1977.

Elevitch FR . Analytical goals in clinical chemistry: Their relationship to medical care. A J Clin Path 1979; 71: 624–30.

Stevens JF Cresswell MA . Achievable standards of laboratory performance. A.C.B. News Sheet. 1978; 182: 12–3.

Stevens JF Cresswell MA . Achievable standards of laboratory performance. A.C.B. News Sheet. 1978; 197: 14–5.

Stevens JF Cresswell MA . Achievable standards of laboratory performance. A.C.B. News Sheet. 1982; 227: 4–6.

Jaffü M . Ueber den Neiderschlag, welchen Pikrinsaeure in normalen Harn erzeugt and ueber eine neue Reaktion des Kreatinins. Z Physiol Chem. 1986; 10: 391–400.

Folin O . Beitrag zur Chemie des Kreatinins und Kreatins in Harne. Z Physiol Chem. 1904; 41: 223–4.

Folin O . On the determination of creatinine and creatine in blood, milk and tissues. J Biol Chem. 1914; 17: 475–81.

Greenwald I . Chemistry of Jaffé's reaction for creatinine. II. The effect of substitution in the creatinine molecule and a possible formula for the red tautomer. J Am Chem Soc. 1925; 47: 1443–7.

Greenwald I Gross J . The chemistry of Jaffé's reaction for creatinine. A red tautomer of creatinine picrate. J Biol Chem. 1925; 59: 601–12.

Greenwald I . The chemistry of Jaffé's reaction for creatinine. 5. The isolation of the red compound. J Biol Chem. 1928; 80: 103–6.

Gold V Rochester CH . Reactions of aromatic nitro compounds in alkaline media. VII. Behaviour of picric acid and of two dihydroxydini-trobenzenes in aqueous sodium hydroxide. J Chem Soc. 1964; 20: 1722–7.

Butler AR . The Jaffé reaction. Identification of the coloured species. Clin Chim Acta 1975; 59: 227–32.

Butler AR . The Jaffé reaction. II. A kinetic study of the Janovsky complexes formed from creatinine (2-imino-1-methylimazolidin-4-one) and acetone. J Chem Soc (Perkin Trans) 1975; 2: 853.

Vasiliades J . Reaction of alkaline sodium picrate with creatinine; 1. Kinetics and mechanism of formation of the mon creatinine picric acid complex. Clin Chem. 1976; 22: 1664–71.

Greenwald I McGuire G . The estimation of creatinine and creatine in the blood. J Biol Chem. 1918; 34: 103–18.

Gaebler O . Further studies of blood creatinine. J Biol Chem. 1930; 89: 451.

Borsook H . Micromethods for determination of ammonia, urea, total nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine (and creatine) and allantoin. J Biol Chem. 1935; 110: 481.

Owen JA Igoo B Scandrett FJ , The determination of creatinine in plasma or serum, and urine; a critical examination. Biochem J 1954; 58: 426–37.

Haeckel R . Assay of creatinine in serum, with use of Fuller's Earth to remove interferents. Clin Chem. 1981; 27: 179–83.

Kanturek V Palovsky V Sonka J . Specificity of the Lloyd reagent for the estimation of creatinine in serum. Cas Lek Cesk 1954; 93: 435–6.

Knoll E Stamm D . The specific determination of serum creatinine. J Clin Chem Clin BioChem. 1970; 8: 582–7.

Polar E Metcoff J . True creatinine chromogen determination in serum and urine by semi-automated analysis. Clin Chem. 1965; 11: 763–70.

Teger-Nilsson AC . Serum creatinine determination using an ion exchange resin. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1961; 13: 326–31.

Rockerbie RA Rasmussen KL . Rapid determination of serum creatinine by an ion exchange technique. Clin Chim Acta 1967; 15: 475–9.

Mitchell RJ . Improved method for specific determination of creatinine in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1973; 19: 408–10.

Weatherburn MW Trotman RBB Jackson SH . Specific method for serum creatinine determination based on Ion Exchange Chromatography and an automated alkaline picrate reaction—a proposed Reference Method. Clin BioChem. 1978; 11: 159–66.

Adams WS Davis FW Hansen LE . New method for determination of creatinine in urine by ion exchange separation and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Anal BioChem. 1962; 34: 854–6.

McEvoy-Bowe E . Determination of creatinine in urine by separation on DEA-Sephadex and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Anal BioChem. 1966; 16: 153–9.

Adams WS Davis FW Hansen LE . Determination of serum creatinine by ion exchange chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Anal Chem. 1964;; 36: 2209–11.

Kostir JV Sonka T . Creatinine estimation in blood serum. A new method. Biochem Biophys Acta 1950; 8: 86–9.

Slot C . Plasma creatinine determination. A new and specific Jaffé reaction method. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1965; 17: 381–7.

Taussky HH . A microcolorimetric determination of creatinine in urine by the Jaffé reaction. J Biol Chem. 1954; 208: 853–61.

Taussky HH . A procedure for increasing the specificity of the Jaffé reaction for the determination of creatine and creatinine in urine and plasma. Clin Chim Acta 1956; 1: 210–24.

Cook JGH . Factors influencing the assay of creatinine. Ann Clin BioChem. 1975; 12: 219–32.

Graffnetter D Janosova Z Cervinkova I . Note on Slot's method for the specific determination of creatinine. Clin Chim Acta 1967; 17: 493–8.

Heinegard D Tiderstrom G . Determination of serum creatinine by a direct colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 1973; 43: 305–10.

Van Stekelenburg GJ Valk C Van de Kamp JS , A new automated method for the determination of true creatinine in serum by means of the Centrifichem centrifugal analyser, based on Slot's principle, with special reference to low substrate concentrations. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 89: 79–91.

Lolekha PH Chantarothipol V Wongvibulsin A . New continuous flow analysis for simultaneous determination of creatinine and uric acid in 200 μL of serum without use of a dialyser. Clin Chem. 1978; 24: 1578–85.

Lolekha PH Taksinamanee R . Evaluation of serum creatinine measurements by the direct acidification method for errors contributed by non creatinine chromogens. Clin Chim Acta 1980; 107: 97–104.

Raabo E Walloe-Hansen P . A routine method for determining creatinine avoiding deproteinisation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972; 29: 297–301.

Yatzidis H . New method for direct determination of ‘True’ creatinine. Clin Chem. 1974; 20: 1131–4.

Chasson AL Grady HJ Stanley MA . Determination of creatinine by means of automatic analysis. Am J Clin Path 1961; 35: 83–8.

Pardue HL . A comprehensive classification of kinetic methods of analysis used in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem. 1977; 23: 2189–201.

Renoe BW Savory J Cross RE . Kinetic versus equilibrium methods of analysis. In: Price CP Spencer K. eds. Centrifugal Analysers in Clinical Chemistry. Eastbourne: Praeger, 1980; 157–69.

Tiffany TO Thayer PC Coelho CM , A propagation of error analysis of the enzyme activity expression. A model for determining the total system random error of a kinetic analyser. Clin Chem. 1976; 22: 1438–50.

Tiffany TO . The concepts of centrifugal analysers. In: Price CP Spencer K. eds. Centrifugal Analysers in Clinical Chemistry. Eastbourne: Praeger, 1980; 3–27.

Price CP Spencer K . Photometric performance and its relevance to chemistry performance. In: Price CP Spencer K. eds. Centrifugal Analysers in Clinical Chemistry. Eastbourne: Praeger, 1980; 443–8.

Ziegenhorn J . Enzymatic substrate analysis by use of centrifugal analysers. In: Price CP Spencer K. eds. Centrifugal Analysers in Clinical Chemistry. Eastbourne: Praeger, 1980; 199–211.

Spencer K Price CP . A review of non enzyme mediated reactions and their applications to centrifugal analysers. In: Price CP Spencer K. eds. Centrifugal Analysers in Clinical Chemistry. Eastbourne: Praeger, 1980; 231–53.

Cook JGH . Creatinine assay in the presence of protein. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 32: 485–6.

Fabiny DL Ertingshausen G . Automated reaction rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the Centrifichem. Clin Chem. 1971; 17: 696–700.

Bartels H Bohmer M . Eine Mikromethode zur Kreatininbestimmung. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 32: 81–5.

Larsen K . Creatinine assay by a reaction kinetic principle. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 41: 209–17.

de Haan J Bierens . Creatinine in serum and plasma. Direct microdetermination by kinetics. Anal Lett 1972; 5: 815–27.

Garner RJ . Determination of creatinine. Nature 1952; 170: 460–1.

Spierto FW MacNeil PML Burtis CA . The effect of temperature and wavelength on the measurement of creatinine with the Jaffé procedure. Clin BioChem. 1979; 12: 18–21.

Bartels H Bohmer M Hierli C . Serum kreatin-bestimung ohne Enteirweissen. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 3: 7193–7.

Lustgarten JE Wenk RE . Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurement. Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 1419–22.

Olansky AS Deming SN . Automated development of a kinetic method for the continuous flow determination of creatinine. Clin Chem. 1978; 24: 2115–24.

Grafmeyer D Cohen R Badinand A . Microdetermination de la creatinine dans liquides biologique par des methodes cinetiques. Annates de Biol Clin 1976; 34: 283–9.

Heerspink W Eisenwiener HG . Vergleichende Untersuchungen der initial rate methode des Centrifichem Systems mit der Frankonit Methode zur Bestimmung des Kreatinins in Serum und Urin. Clin Chim Acta 1975; 63: 317–22.

Soldin SJ Henderson L Hill JG . The effect of bilirubin and ketones on reaction rate methods for the measurement of creatinine. Clin BioChem. 1978; 12: 18–21.

Kammeraat C . Modification of the alkaline picrate assay to prevent spuriously elevated values for keto acids. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 84: 119–28.

Price CP Spencer K Biggs PA . An evaluation of the Instrumentation Laboratory Microcentrifugal Analyser—Multistat III. London, DHSS; 1979.

Shoucri RM Pouliot M . Some observations on the kinetics of the Jaffé reaction for creatinine. Clin Chem. 1977; 23: 1527–30.

Diamandis EP Koupparis MA Hadjiioannou TP . Kinetic potentiometric determination of creatinine in urine with a picrate ion selective electrode. Microchem J 1977; 22: 498–501.

Hadjiioannou TP Diamandis EP . Analytical study of a new picrate ion selective membrane electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1981; 94: 443–8.

Diamandis EP Hadjiioannou TP . Kinetic potentiometric determination of creatinine in serum with a picrate ion selective membrane electrode. Clin Chem. 1981; 27: 455–7.

Sullivan MX Irreverre F . A highly specific test for creatinine. J Biol Chem. 1958; 233: 530–3.

Cooper JM Biggs HG . An evaluation of four methods of measuring urinary creatinine. Clin Chem. 1961; 7: 665–73.

Van Pilsum JF Martin RP Kito E , Determination of creatine, creatinine, arginine, guanidinoacetic acid, guanidine and methylguanidine in biological fluids. J Biol Chem. 1956; 222: 225–36.

Langley WD Evans M . The determination of creatinine with sodium 3,5 dinitrobenzoate. J Biol Chem. 1936; 115: 333–41.

Benedict SR Behre JA . Some applications of a new colour reaction for creatinine. J Biol Chem. 1936; 114: 515–32.

Parekh AC Cook S Simms C , A new method for the determination of serum creatinine based on reaction with 3,5 dinitrobenzyl chloride in an organic medium. Clin Chim Acta 1976; 73: 221–31.

Sims C Parekh AC . Determination of serum creatinine by reaction with methyl 3,5 dinitrobenzoate in methyl sulphoxide. Ann Clin BioChem. 1977; 144: 227–32.

Parekh AC Sims C . Serum creatinine assay by use of 3,5 dinitrobenzoates: A critique. Clin Chem. 1977; 23: 2066–71.

Dubos R Miller BF . The production of bacterial enzymes capable of decomposing creatinine. J Biol Chem. 1937; 121: 429–45.

Miller BF Dubos R . Determination by a specific enzymatic method of the creatinine content of blood and urine from normal and nephrotic individuals. J Biol Chem. 1937; 121: 457–64.

Van Eyk HG Vermatt RJ Leijnse-Ybema HJ , The conversion of creatinine by creatininase of bacterial origin. Enzymologia 1968; 34: 198–202.

Szulmajster J . Bacterial fermentation of creatinine. 1. Isolation of N methylhydantoin. J Bacteriol 1958; 75: 633.

Szulmajster J . Bacterial degradation of creatinine. 2. Creatinine desimidase. Bioch Biophys Acta 1958; 30: 154.

McLean MH Gallwas J Hendrixson M . Evaluation of an automated creatininase procedure. Clin Chem. 1973; 19: 623–5.

Masson P Ohlsson P Bjorkhem I . Combined enzymic—Jaffé method for the determination of creatinine in serum. Clin Chem. 1981; 27: 18–21.

Masson P Ohlsson P . Improved precision of the enzymic—Jaffé method for determination of creatinine. Clin Chem. 1981; 27: 1139.

Wahlefeld AW Herz G Bergmeyer HU . A completely enzymatic determination of creatinine in human serum and urine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972; 29: Supplement 126: Abstract 30.1.

Moss GA Bondar RL Buzzelli DM . Kinetic enzymatic method for determining serum creatinine. Clin Chem. 1975; 21: 1422–26.

Hearne CR Fraser CG . Enzymatic vs Jaffé (Continuous Flow) assay of creatinine in serum. Clin Chem. 1979; 25: 1665–6.

Bjorkhem I Blomstrand R Ohman G . Accuracy of a fully enzymatic method for creatinine as judged by isotope dilution—mass fragmentography. Clin Chem. 1979; 25: 1666–7.

Jaynes PK Feld RD Johnson GF . An enzymic, reaction rate assay for serum creatinine with a centrifugal analyser. Clin Chem. 1982; 26: 114–7.

Landersman PW Lott JA . Determination of creatinine in serum by using creatinase: Enhancement of a commercial method. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 2002–3.

Perakis N Wolff CM . Kinetic approach for the enzymic determination of creatinine. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 1792–6.

Sundaram PV . Potentials of enzymes attached to nylon tubes in analysis. In: Chang TMS , ed. Biomedical applications of immobilised enzymes and proteins. New York: Plenum, 1977; II: 317–40.

Sundaram PV Igloi MP . Immobilised enzyme nylon tube reactors: creatininase and creatine kinase linked to the pyruvate kinase—lactate dehydrogenase indicator system in the detection of creatinine and creatine. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 94: 295–307.

Colliss JS Ginman R . Bioluminescence as an analytical technique for determination of creatinine. Med Lab Sci. 1983; 40: 129–38.

Suzuki M . Purification and some properties of sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96. J BioChem. 1981; 89: 599–607.

Fossati P Prencipe L Berti G . Enzymic creatinine assay: A new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurement. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 1494–6.

Siedel J Mollering H Ziegenhorn J . Sensitive colour reagent for the enzymic determination of creatinine. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 968–9.

Witte DL Brown LF Feld RD . Effects of bilirubin on detection of hydrogen peroxide by use of peroxidase. Clin Chem. 1978; 24: 1778–82.

Artiss JD McEnroe RJ Zak B . Bilirubin interference in a peroxidase coupled procedure for creatinine eliminated by Bilirubin Oxidase. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 1389–92.

White-Stevens RH . Interference by ascorbic acid in test systems involving peroxidase. 1. Reversible indicators and the effect of copper, iron and mercury. Clin Chem. 1982; 28: 578–88.

James DR Price CP . Interference in colorimetric reactions for measuring hydrogen peroxide. Ann Clin BioChem. 1984; 21: 398–404.

Tsuchida T Yoda K . Multienzyme membrane electrodes for determination of creatinine and creatine in serum. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 51–5.

Thompson H Rechnitz GA . Ion electrode based enzymatic analysis of creatinine. Anal Chem. 1974; 46: 246–9.

Meyerhoff M Rechnitz GA . An activated enzyme electrode for creatinine. Anal Chim Acta 1976; 85: 277–85.

Ripamonti M Mosca A Rovida E , Urea, creatinine and glucose determined in plasma and whole blood by a differential pH technique. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 556–9.

Berthelot MPE . Correspondence—‘violet d'aniline’ Repertoire de chimie applique. Societe Chimique de Paris. 1859; 1: 284.

Tabata M Kido T Totani M , Automated assay of creatinine in serum as simplified by the use of immobilised enzymes, creatinine deaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Anal BioChem. 1983; 134: 44–9.

Tanganelli E Prencipe L Bassi D , Enzymic assay of creatinine in serum and urine with creatinine iminohydrolase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Clin Chem. 1982; 28: 1461–4.

Prencipe L Cambiaghi S Murador E . An enzymic creatinine assay as used in centrifugal analysers. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 1583–4.

Chen S-P Kuan SS Guilbault GG . Fluorometric enzymatic determination of serum creatinine on the surface of silicone rubber pads. Clin Chim Acta 1980; 100: 21–31.

Zipp A Hornby WE . Solid phase chemistry: Its principles and application in clinical analysis. Talanta 1984; 31: 863–77.

Wong D Bergerson WO Berreth L , Solid phase strip test for the determination of serum creatinine with the Ames Seralyser. Clin Chem. 1981; 27: 1034.

Stevens JF Tsang W Newall RG . Measurement of bilirubin, cholesterol, and creatinine in serum and plasma, by solid phase reflectance spectroscopy. J Clin Path 1983; 36: 598–601.

Sundberg MW Beckew RW Esders TW , An enzymic creatinine assay and a direct ammonia assay in coated thin films. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 645–9.

Curme HG Columbus RL Dappen GM , Multilayer film elements for clinical analysis: General concepts. Clin Chem. 1978; 24: 1335–42.

Toffaletti J Blosser N Hall T , An automated dry slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serum. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 684–7.

Smith CH Landt M Steelman M , The Kodak Ektachem 400 analyser evaluated for automated enzymic determination of plasma creatinine. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 1422–5.

Buttner R Borth R Boutwell JH , Approved recommendation on Quality Control in Clinical Chemistry. 1. General Principles and Terminology. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 98: 129F–143F.

Cali JP . An idea whose time has come. Clin Chem. 1973; 19: 291–3.

Bjorkhem I Blomstrand R Lantto O , Towards absolute methods in clinical chemistry: application of mass fragmentography to high accuracy analyses. Clin Chem. 1976; 22: 1789–801.

Bjorkhem I Blomstrand R Ohman G . Mass fragmentography of creatinine proposed as a Reference method. Clin Chem. 1977; 23: 2114–21.

Lim CK Richmond W Robinson DP , Towards a definitive assay of creatinine in serum and urine: Separation by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog 1978; 145: 41–9.

Brown ND Sing HC Neeley W , Determination of true serum creatinine by high performance liquid chromatography combined with continuous flow microanalysis. Clin Chem. 1977; 23: 1281–3.

Soldin SJ Hill JG . Micromethod for determination of creatinine in biological fluids by high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chem. 1978; 24: 747–50.

Spierto FW MacNeil ML Culbreth P , Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic procedure for serum creatinine. Clin Chem. 1980; 26: 286–90.

Ambrose RT Ketchurn DF Smith JW . Creatinine determination by high performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 256–9.

Okuda T Oie T Nishida M . Liquid chromatographic measurement of creatinine in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 851–2.

Abderhalden E Komm E . Uber die Anhydrid-strukter der Proteine. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiolische Chemie. 1924; 139: 181.

Watkins RE Felkamp CS Thibert RJ , Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reaction. Microchem J 1976; 21: 370–84.

Jaynes PK Witte DL Simpson CH , Interferences by some monoclonal IgM's in discrete serum creatinine analysis. Clin Chem. 1982; 28: 1580.

Datta P Graham G Schoen I . A paraprotein phenomenon evidenced by interference with creatinine determination in sera of multiple myeloma patients. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 968.

Watkins PJ . The effect of ketone bodies on the determination of creatinine. Clin Chim Acta 1967; 18: 191–6.

Ward P Ewen M Pomeroy JA , Kinetic urine creatinine determination with the Gemsaec analyser. Clin BioChem. 1976; 9: 225–7.

Price CP Spencer K Welch RP . Temperature measurement and the centrifugal analyser. In: Price CP Spencer K. eds. Centrifugal Analysers in Clinical Chemistry. Eastbourne: Praeger, 1980; 381–93.

Bowers LD . Kinetic serum creatinine assays. 1. The role of various factors in determining specificity. Clin Chem. 1980; 26: 551–4.

Mori J Jarvie T . Negative ketone interference with creatinine determination on the KDA. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 733–4.

Gerard S Khayam-Bashi H . Negative interference with the Ektachem (Kodak) enzymic assay for creatinine by high serum glucose. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 1884.

Daugherty NA Hammond KB Osberg IM . Bilirubin interference with kinetic Jaffé method for serum creatinine. Clin Chem. 1978; 24: 392–3.

Osberg IM Hammond KB . A solution to the problem of bilirubin interference with the kinetic Jaffé method for serum creatinine. Clin Chem. 1978; 24: 1196–7.

Osberg IM . Effect of bilirubin on serum creatinine measurement by the kinetic Jaffé method. Clin Chem. 1979; 25: 325.

Swain RR Biggs SL . Positive interference with the Jaffé reaction by cephalosporin antibiotics. Clin Chem. 1976; 23: 1340–2.

Durham SR Bignell AHC Wise R . Interference of cefoxitin in the creatinine estimation and its clinical relevance. J Clin Path 1979; 32: 1148–51.

Kroll MH Elin RJ . Mechanism of cefoxitin and cephalothin interference with the Jaffé method for creatinine. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 2044–8.

Kroll MH Hagengruber C Elin R . Effect of dialysis on interference by cefoxitin with determination of creatinine. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 1386–8.

Kroll MH Hagengruber C Elin RJ . Reaction of picrate with creatinine and cepha antibiotics. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 1664–6.

Richards RK Bjornson TH Waterburg LD . Rise in serum and urine creatinine after phenacemide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 23: 430–7.

Kroll MH Nealon L Elin RJ . Phenacemide interference with Jaffé type determination of creatinine in three automated systems. Clin Chem. 1984; 30: 586–7.

Wong LG Reilly EB . Effect of Acetohexamide on serum creatinine measurement. Clin Chem. 1982; 28: 1651.

Boone DJ Dudley D Houston B . Effect of fatty acids on creatinine determination in serum. Clin Chem. 1980; 26: 975.

Witte DL Pennell BJ Feld RD . Elimination of non esterified fatty acid interference with creatinine measurement using alpha cyclodextrin. Clin Chem. 1981; 27: 1033.

Wu AHB Stout R McComb RB . Falsely high serum creatinine concentrations associated with severe methanol intoxication. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 205–8.

Yatzidis H . Glutaraldehyde intensifies Jaffé reaction with protein. Clin Chem. 1983; 29: 1321–2.