In the last few years, the use of enzyme labels in immunoassays has been investigated. The aim of this review is to evaluate critically the role of such labels in clinical biochemistry. Special attention has been given to the problems involved in preparing enzyme labels and the ways in which such labels can be used in a variety of heterogeneous and homogeneous assay systems.
References
1.
AkerlundA. S.HansonL. A.AhlstedtS.CarlssonB. (1977). A sensitive method for specific quantitation of secretory IgA. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 6, 1275–1282.
2.
Al-BassamM. N.O'SullivanM. J.GnemmiE.BridgesJ. W.MarksV. (1978a). Nortriptyline enzyme-immunoassay. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs edited by PalS. B., pp. 375–386. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
AlbertW. H. W.KleinhammerG.LinkeR.StaehlerF. (1978a). Quantitative determinations of proteins at the pmol/L-level by EIA in antibody coated polystyrene tubes. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs edited by PalS. B., pp. 3–14. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
5.
AlbertW. H. W.KleinhammerG.LinkeR.TranswellP.StaehlerF. (1978b). Enzyme immunoassays for in vitro diagnosis of thyroid function. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs edited by PalS. B., pp. 153–174. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
6.
AlderF. L.Chi-TanL. (1971). Detection of morphine by haemagglutination-inhibition. Journal of Immunology, 106, 1684–1685.
7.
AndersenO.EriksenP. B. (1977). Specific conductivity of urine and sensitivity of EIA methods of analysis for drugs of abuse. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 751–753.
8.
ArambuloP. V.WallsK. W.BullockS.KaganG. (1978). Seradiagnosis of human cysticerosis by microplate ELISA. Acta Tropica, 35, 63–68.
9.
AvrameasS. (1969). Coupling of enzymes to proteins with glutaraldehyde. Immunochemistry, 6, 43–52.
10.
AvrameasS.TernynckT. (1971). Peroxidase-labelled antibody and Fab conjugates with enhanced intracellular penetration. Immunochemistry, 8, 1175–1179.
11.
BellC. E.SlyW. S.BrotF. E. (1977). Human β-glucuronidase deficiency mucopolysaccharidosis. Journal of Clinical Investigations, 59, 97–105.
12.
BidwellD. E. (1976). The enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 54, 129–139.
13.
BishaiF. R. (1978). ELISA is diagnostic virology. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 439–456. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
14.
BookerH. E.DarceyB. A. (1975). Enzymatic immunoassay vs. gas liquid chromatography for the determination of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 21, 1766–1768.
15.
BoorsmaD. M.KalsbeekG. L. (1975). A comparative study of horseradish peroxidase conjugates prepared with a one-step and a two-step method. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 23, 200–207.
16.
BorrebaeckC.MattiassonB.SvenssonK. (1978). A rapid non-equilibrium enzyme immunoassay for determining serum gentamicin. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 15–27. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
17.
BoschA. M. G.van HellH.BrandsJ.SchuursA. H. W. M. (1978). Specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility of enzyme-immunoassays. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 175–187. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
18.
BrunkS. D.MalmstadtH. V. (1977). Adaptation of the EMIT digoxin assay to a mini-disc centrifugal analyser. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 1054–1056.
19.
BurdJ. F.CarricoR. J.TetterM. C.BucklerR. T.JohnsonR. D.BoguslaskiR. C.ChristnerJ. E. (1977a). Specific protein-binding reactions monitored by enzymatic hydrolysis of ligand-fluorescent dye conjugates. Analytical Biochemistry, 77, 56–67.
20.
BurdJ. F.CarricoR. J.KramerH. M.DenningC. E. (1978). Homogeneous substrate-labelled fluorescent immunoassay for determining tobramycin concentrations in human serum. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 387–403. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
21.
BurdJ. F.WongR. C.FeeneyJ. E.CarricoR. J.BoguslaskiR. C. (1977b). Homogeneous reactant-labelled immunoassay for therapeutic drugs exemplified by gentamicin determination in human serum. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 1402–1408.
22.
CadwellC. W.BarrettJ. T. (1977). EIA for hepatitis B and its comparison to other methods. Clinica Chimica Acta, 81, 305–309.
23.
CarricoR. J.ChristnerJ. E.BoguslaskiR. C.YeungK. K. (1976). A method for monitoring specific binding reactions with cofactor labelled ligands. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 271–282.
24.
CasperR. (1977). Detection of potato leafroll virus on potato and Physalis floridana by ELISA. Phytopathology, 90, 364–368.
25.
CastroA.IbanezJ.DiCesareJ. L.AdamsR. F.MalkusH. (1978a). Comparative determination of phenytoin by spectrometry, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 710–713.
26.
CastroA.IbanezJ.VoightW.NotoT.MalkusH. (1978b). A totally automated system for enzyme immunoassay of theophylline in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 944–946.
27.
CastroA.UluM.RosenthalC.ClearyT.WunschC.MalkusH. (1977). EIA of hepatitis associated antigen. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 16, 199–202.
28.
ChamberlainR. T.StaffordD. T.MaijubA. C.McNattB. C. (1977). High pressure liquid chromatography and EIA compared with gas chromatography for determining phenytoin. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 1764–1766.
29.
ChangJ.CrowlC. P.SchneiderR. S. (1975). Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for digoxin. Clinical Chemistry, 21, 967.
30.
ClarkM. F.AdamsA. N. (1977). Characteristics of the microplate method of ELISA for the detection of plant viruses. Journal of General Virology, 34, 475–483.
31.
ClemT. R.YolkenR. H. (1978). Practical colorimeter for direct measurement of microplates in EIA systems. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 7, 55–58.
32.
ClearyJ. J.CidA.EllisB.MalkusH.NotoT.HalbertS.CastroA. (1978). A direct ELISA for the detection of rubella viruses in human sera. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 19, 281–284.
33.
ClyneD. H.NorrisS. H.ModestoR. R.PesceA. J.PollackV. E. (1973). Antibody-enzyme conjugates. The preparation of intermolecular conjugates of horseradish peroxidase and antibody and their use in immunohistochemistry of renal cortex. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 21, 233–240.
34.
CobbM. E.BuckleyN.HuM. W.MillerJ. G.SinghP.SchneiderR. S. (1977). Homogeneous EIA for Lidocaine in serum (Abstract). Clinical Chemistry, 23, 1161.
35.
ComoglioS.CeladaF. (1976). An immunoenzymatic assay of cortisol using E. coli β-galactosidase as label. Journal of Immunological Methods, 10, 161–170.
36.
ConverseR. H. (1978). Detection of tomato ringspot virus in red raspberry by ELISA. Plant Disease Report, 26, 189–192.
37.
DeelderA. M.RuitenbergE. J.KornelisD.SteerenbergP.A. (1977). Comparison of the immunoperoxidase technique DASS and ELISA for human diagnosis. Experimental Parasitology, 41, 133–140.
38.
DrayF.AndrieuJ.RenaudF. (1975). Enzyme immunoassay for progesterone at the picogram level using β-galactosidase as label. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 403, 131–138.
39.
DrostR. H.PlompTh.A.TeunissenA. J.MaasA. J. H.MaesR. A. A. (1977). A comparative study of the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and two radioimmunoassays (RIS's) for digoxin. Clinical Chimica Acta, 79, 557–567.
40.
EkinsR. P. (1960). The estimation of thyroxine in human plasma by an electrophoretic technique. Clinica Chimica Acta, 5, 453–459.
41.
EllensP. J.de LeeuwP. W. (1977). ELISA for diagnosis of rotavirus infection in calves. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, 530–532.
42.
EngvallE.PerlmannP. (1971). Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative assay of immunoglobulin G. Immunochemistry, 8, 871–874.
43.
EngvallE.PerlmannP. (1972). Quantitation of specific antibodies by enzyme-labelled anti-immunoglobulin in antigen-coated tubes. Journal of Immunology, 109, 129–135.
44.
EngvallE.RouslaktiE. (1977). Binding of a soluble form of fibroblast surface protein to collagen. International Journal of Cancer, 20, 1–5.
45.
ErikssonN. E.AhlstedtS. (1977). Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. V, a comparison between ELISA provocation skin tests and RAST. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, 54, 88–95.
46.
ErlangerB. F. (1973). Principles and methods for the preparation of drug protein conjugates for immunological studies. Pharmacology Reviews, 25, 271–280.
47.
ErlangerB. F.BorekG.BeiserS. M.LiebermanS. (1959). Steroid-protein conjugates. II. Preparation and characterisation of conjugates of bovine serum albumin with progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and oestrone. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 234, 1090–1094.
48.
ExleyD.AbukneshaR. (1977). The preparation and purification of a β-galactosidase-oestradiol-17-β conjugate for enzyme immunoassay. FEBS Letters, 79, 301–304.
49.
ExleyD.AbukneshaR. (1978). A highly sensitive and specific enzyme-immunoassay method for oestradiol-17-β. FEBS Letters, 91, 162–165.
50.
FarshyC. E.KleinG. C.FeeleyJ. C. (1978). Detection of antibodies to Legionaires disease organism by microagglutination and micro-ELISA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 7, 327–331.
51.
FaragH. F.BarakatR. M. R. (1978). ELISA in the diagnosis of humanBilharziasis Torpenmedicine and Parasitology, 29, 12–14.
52.
FeignerP. (1977). Serological diagnosis of extraintestinal amebiasis. A comparison of stock—ELISA and other immunological tests. Torpenmedicine and Parasitology, 28, 491–493.
53.
FinleyP. R.WilliamsR. J. (1978). Evaluation of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay of serum thyroxine with use of bichromatic analysis. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 165–167.
54.
FinleyP. R.WilliamsR. J.LichtiD. F.ByersJ. M. (1977). Assay of phenobarbital: Adaptation of EMIT to the centrifugal analyzer. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 738–740.
55.
FordD. J.RadinR.PesceA. J. (1978). Characterization of glutaraldehyde coupled alkaloine phosphatase-antibody conjugates and lactoperoxidase-antibody conjugates. Immunochemistry, 15, 237–243.
56.
FruchartJ. C.DesreumauxC.DewaillyP.SezilleG.JaillardJ.CarlierY.BoutD.CapronA. (1978). EIA for human apolipoprotein B, the major protein moiety in low-density and very low density lipoprotein. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 455–459.
57.
FuitenbergE. J.CaponA.BoutD.Van KappenF. (1977). EIA for the seradiagnosis of parasite infections. Biomedicine, 26, 311–314.
58.
GalenR. S.FormanD. (1977). Enzyme-immunoassay of serum thyroxine with the ‘Autochemist’ multichannel analyzer. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 119–121.
59.
GnemmiE.O'SullivanM. J.ChieregattiG.SimmonsM.SimmondsA.BridgesJ. W.MarksV. (1978). A sensitive immunoenzymometric assay (IEMA) to quantitate hormones and drugs. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 29–41. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
60.
GlynnA. A.IssonC. (1978). Serological diagnosis of gonorrhoea by ELISA. British Journal of Venereal Disease, 54, 97–102.
61.
GrippenbergM.LinderE.KurkiP.EngvallE. (1978). An ELISA assay for the demonstration of antibodies against denatured single-stranded DNA in patients’ serumScandinavian Journal of Immunology, 7, 151–158.
62.
GuesdonJ.ThierryR.AvrameasS. (1978). Magnetic EIA for measuring human IgE. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 61, 23–27.
63.
GuesdonJ.AvrameasS. (1977). Magnetic solid phase enzyme-immunoassay. Immunochemistry, 14, 443–447.
64.
GushawJ. B.MillerJ. G. (1978). Homogeneous EIA for methotrexate in serum. (Abstract). Clinical Chemistry, 24, 1032.
65.
HaimovichJ.HurwitzE.NovikN.SelaM. (1970). Use of protein-bacteriophage conjugates for detection and quantitation of proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 207, 125–129.
66.
HalleS.DaschG. A.WeissE. (1977). Sensitive ELISA assay for detection of antibodies against typhus rickettsiae, R. prowazekii and R. typhi. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, 101–110.
67.
HamaguchiY.KatoK.FukuiH.ShirakawaI.OkawaS.IshikawaE.KatunumaN. (1976). Enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay of macromolecular antigens using rabbit antibody-coupled glass rod as a solid phase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 71, 459–467.
68.
HerrmanJ. E.HollingdaleM. R.CollinsM. F.VinsonJ. W. (1977). EIA and radioimmuno precipitation tests for the detection of antibodies to Rochalimaea (Rickettsia) quintana. Proceeding of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 154, 285–288.
69.
HolderG. (1978). The estimation of serum cortisol by EIA. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 221–232. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
70.
HorningM. G.BrownL.NowlinJ.LertratanangkoonK.KellawayP.ZionT. E. (1977). Use of saliva in drug monitoring. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 157–164.
71.
HuikeshovenH.LandheerJ. E.DenderenA. C.VlasmanM.LeikerD. L.DasP. K.GoldingO. L.PondmanK. W. (1978). Demonstration of dapsone in urine and serum by ELISA inhibition. Lancet, 1, 280–281.
72.
IshikawaE. (1973). Enzyme immunoassay of insulin by fluorimetry of the insulin-glucoamylase complex. Journal of Biochemistry, 73, 1319–1321.
73.
IshikawaE.YamadaY.HamaguchiY.YoshitakeS.ShiomiK.OtaT.YamamotoY.TanakaK. (1978). Enzyme-labelling with maleimides and its application to the immunoassay of peptide hormones. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 43–57. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
74.
JaklitschA. P.GreenwoodH. M.Peterson-BrownA. C.LavineJ. E.LeungD. K. (1977). Serum T3 uptake by EIA (Abstract). Clinical Chemistry, 23, 1123.
75.
JamesK. R.SinghP.LeungD. K.MonkenC. E.SchneiderR. S. (1976). Homogeneous EIA for carbamazepine in serum (Abstract). Clinical Chemistry, 22, 1185.
76.
JoshiU.RaghavenV.ZemseG.ShethA.BorkarP. S.RamachandranS. (1978). Use of ‘Penicillinase’ in the estimation of human chronic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen by enzyme-linked immunoassay. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 233–245. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
77.
JoyceB. G.TurkesA.OzoranA.ReadG. F.FahmyD. R. (1978). The development of a sensitive EIA for steriod hormones. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 247–256. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
78.
JoyceB. G.ReadG. F.FahmyD. R. (1977). A specific enzyme immunoassay for progesterone in human plasma. Steroids, 29, 761–770.
79.
KatoK.HamaguchiY.FukuiH.IshikawaE. (1975a). Enzyme-linked immunoassay. I. Novel method for the synthesis of the insulin-β-galactosidase conjugate and its applicability for insulin assayJournal of Biochemistry, 78, 235–237.
80.
KatoK.HamaguchiY.FukuiH.IshikawaE. (1975b). Coupling Fab’ fragment of rabbit anti-human IgG antibody to β-D-galactosidase and a highly sensitive immunoassay of human IgG. FEBS Letters, 56, 370–372.
81.
KatoK.HamaguchiY.FukuiH.IshikawaE. (1976). Enzyme-linked immunoassay. Conjugation of rabbit anti-(human immunoglobulin G) antibody and its use for human immunoglobulin G assay. European Journal of Biochemistry, 62, 285–292.
82.
KatoK.HaruyamaY.HamaguchiY.IshikawaE. (1978). Comparison of three enzyme linked procedures for the quantitative determination of guinea pig anti-porcine insulin antibody. Journal of Biochemistry, 84, 93–102.
83.
KennedyJ. H.KrickaL. J.WildingP. (1976). Protein-protein coupling and the applications of protein conjugates. Clinica Chimica Acta, 70, 1–31.
84.
KhanF. S.SaxenaB. B. (1978). Use of purified gonadotropin receptor in the development of an enzyme receptor assay (ERA) for luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 257–275. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
85.
KirkpatrickA.WepsicH. T.NakamuraR. M. (1977). Comparison of double antibody RIA with Farr-technique RIA and double-antibody EIA for α-foetoprotein. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 50–59.
86.
KitagawaT.AikawaT. (1976). Enzyme coupled immunoassay of insulin using a novel coupling reagent. Journal of Biochemistry, 79, 233–236.
87.
KitagawaT.FujitakeT.TaniyamaH. (1976). Enzyme-coupled immunoassay of viomycin. Journal of Antibiotics, 29, 1343–1345.
88.
KitagawaT.FujitakeT.TaniyamaH.AikawaT. (1978a). EIA for viomycin. Journal of Biochemistry, 83, 1493–1501.
89.
KitagawaT.KanamaruT.KatoH.YanoS.AsanumaY. (1978c). Novel EIA of three antibiotics. New methods for preparation of antisera to the antibiotics and for enzyme labelling using a combination of two heterobifunctional reagents. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 59–66. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
90.
KitagawaT.KanamaruT.WakamatsuH.KatoH.YanoS.AsanumaY. (1978b). A novel method for the preparation of an antiserum to penicillin and its application for novel enzyme immunoassay of penicillin. Journal of Biochemistry, 84, 491–494.
91.
KleineT. O. (1978). Lower the cost of EMIT for carbamazepine by its adaptation to a mechanized micro-litre system. Clinica Chimica Acta, 82, 193–195.
92.
KobayashiY.OgiharaT.AmitaniK.WatanabeF.KiguchiT.NinomiyaI.KumaharaY. (1978). Enzyme immunoassay for cortisol in serum using cortisol 21-amine. Steroids, 32, 137–144.
93.
KohenF.HollanderZ.YeagerF. M.CarricoR. J.BoguslaskiR. C. (1978). A homogeneous EIA for oestriol monitored by co-enzymatic cycling reactions. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 67–79. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
94.
KumpsA.MardensY.ScharpeS.VerkerkR. (1978). Evaluation of EIA, GLC and HPLC for the monitoring of antiepileptic drugs in serum. In Enzyme linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 405–418. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
95.
KwanS.FullerG. M.KrautterM. A.Van BaulJ. H.GoldblunR. M. (1978). Quantitation of cytoplasmic fribrinogen in rat liver cells. Analytical Biochemistry, 83, 589–596.
LawellinD. W.GrantD. W.JoyceB. K. (1977). Enzyme-linked assay for aflatoxin B1. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 34, 94–96.
98.
LeuteR.UllmanE. F.GoldsteinA. (1972). Spin immunoassay of opiates and narcotics in urine and saliva. Journal of the American Medical Association, 221, 1231–1234.
99.
LewisV. J.ThackerW. L.MitchellS. H. (1977). ELISA assay for chlamydial antibodies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, 507–510.
100.
MaioliniB.FerruaB.MasseyeffR. (1975). Enzymimmunoassay of human alphafoetoprotein. Journal of Immunological Methods, 6, 355–359.
101.
MaioliniR.FerruaB.QuarantaJ. F.PinoteauA.EullerL.ZieglerG.MasseyeffR. (1978). A sandwich method for EIA: Quantification of rheumatoid factor. Journal of Immunological Methods, 20, 25–34.
102.
MarionS. L.EstergreenV. L.ReevesJ. J. (1978). Determination of pregnant mare serum by EIA. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 277–285. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
103.
MarksV.O'SullivanM. J.Al-BassamM. N.BridgesJ. W. (1978). A methotrexate enzyme-immunoassay. A double antibody EIA for methotrexate. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs edited by PalS. B., pp. 419–428. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
104.
MaternS.TietzenK.MaternH.GerokW. (1978). Enzyme-labelled immunoassay for a bile salt in serum. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 457–467. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
105.
MattiassonB.BorrebaeckC. (1978). Non-equilibrium isokinetic enzyme immunoassay using reversibly immobilized antibodies. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 91–105. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
106.
MattiassonB.NilsonnH. (1977). An enzyme immunoelectrode assay of human serum albumin and insulin. FEBS Letters, 78, 251–254.
MellorsR. C.MellorsJ. W. (1978). Type C RNA virus-specific antibody in human systemic lupus erythematosus demonstrated by enzymoimmunoassay. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 75, 2463–2467.
109.
MilesL. E. M.HalesC. N. (1968). Labelled antibodies and immunological assay systems. Nature, 219, 186–189.
110.
MillerJ. N. (1979). Proceedings of the Chemical Society Analytical Division. (In press).
MiyaiK.IshibashiK.OgiharaT.TanizawaO.NishiK.KwashimaM.KumaharaY. (1978). Evaluation of EIA of hormones for clinical applications. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 287–299. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
113.
NakaneP. K.KawaoiA. (1974). Peroxidase-labelled antibody. A new method of conjugation. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 22, 1084–1091.
114.
NakaneP. K.RamJ.SirPierceG. B. (1966). Enzyme-labelled antibodies for light and electron microscope localization of antigens. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 14, 789–791.
115.
NumazawaM.HaryuA.KurosakaK.NambaraT. (1977). Picogram order enzyme immunoassay of oestradiol. FEBS Letters, 79, 396–398.
116.
NotermaisS.DufrenneJ.SchothorstM. W. (1978). ELISA for the detection of Clostridium botutinum toxin type A. JPN Journal of Medical Science and Biology, 31, 81–86.
117.
OgiharaT.MiyaiK.NishiK.IshibashiK.KumaharaY. (1977). Enzyme-labelled immunoassay for plasma cortisol. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 44, 91–95.
118.
O'SullivanM. J.GnemmiE.MorrisD.Al-BassamM. N.SimmonsM.BridgesJ. W.MarksV., (1978). An enzyme immunoassay for triiodothyronine. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 301–310. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
119.
O'SullivanM. J.GnemmiE.MorrisD.ChieregattiG.SimmonsM.SimmondsA. D.BridgesJ. W.MarksV. (1978b). A simple method for the preparation of enzyme-antibody conjugates. FEBS Letters, 95, 311–313.
120.
PearsonJ. R. (1978). Drug screening by EIA with the American monitor KDA. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 1823–1825.
121.
PrevotJ.GuesdonJ.-L. (1977). EIA for specific IgG and IgM antibodies of rubella virus. Annals of Microbiology, 128B, 531–540.
122.
RajkowskiK. M.CittanovaN.UriosP.JayleM. F. (1977). An enzyme-linked immunoassay of testosterone. Steroids, 30, 129–138.
123.
RatcliffeW. A.LogueF. C.RatcliffeJ. G. (1978). Scottish immunoassay support service quality control scheme for thyroxine, triiodothyronine and digoxin assays. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 15, 203–207.
124.
RodbardD.McCleanS. W. (1977). Automated computer analysis for enzyme-multiplied immunological techniques. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 112–115.
125.
RodgersR.CrowlC. P.EimstadW. M.HuM. W.KamJ. K.RonaldR. C.RowleyG. L.UllmanE. F. (1978). Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for cannabinoids in urine. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 95–100.
126.
RosenthalA. F.VargasM. G.KlassC. S. (1976). Evaluation of enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) for determination of serum digoxin. Clinical Chemistry, 22, 1899–1902.
127.
RowleyG. L.RubensteinK. E.HuisjenJ.UllmanE. F. (1975). Mechanism by which antibodies inhibit hapten-malate dehydrogenase conjugates. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 250, 3759–3766.
128.
RubensteinK. E.SchneiderR. S.UllmanE. F. (1972). ‘Homogeneous’ enzyme immunoassay. A new immunological technique. Biochimica Biophysica Research Communications, 47, 846–851.
129.
RuitenbergE. J.BuysJ. (1977). Application of ELISA for the serodiagnosis of human African trypanosomias. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 26, 31–36.
130.
RuitenbergE. J.van AmstelJ. A.BrosiB. J. M.SteerenbergP. A. (1977). Mechanization of ELISA for large scale screening of sera. Journal of Immunological Methods, 16, 351–360.
131.
SaundersG. C.BartlettM. L. (1977). Double-antibody solid-phase EIA for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 34, 518–522.
132.
SchallR. F.FraserA. S.HansenH. W.KernC. W.TenosoH. J. (1978). A sensitive manual EIA for thyroxine. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 1801–1804.
ScherrerR.BernardS. (1977). Application of ELISA to the detection of calf rotavirus, Annals of Microbiology, 128, 499–510.
135.
SchmitzH.DoerrH. W.KampaD.VogtA. (1977). Solid phase EIA for IgM antibodies to cytomegalovirus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 5, 629–634.
136.
SchneiderR. S.LindquistP.WongE. T. (1973). Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for opiates in urine. Clinical Chemistry, 19, 821–825.
137.
SchroederH. R.VogelhutP. O.CarricoR. J.BoguslaskiR. C.BucklerR. T. (1976). Competitive protein binding assay for biotin monitored by chemiluminescence. Analytical Chemistry, 48, 1933–1937.
138.
SchuursA. H. W. M.van WeemenB. K. (1977). Enzyme-immunoassay. Clinica Chimica Acta, 81, 1–40.
139.
ShawE. J.WatsonR. A. A.SmithD. S. (1977). Fluoroimmunoassay of serum gentamicin. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 4, 191–193.
140.
SippelJ. E.MamayH. K.WeissE.JosephS. W.BeasleyW. J. (1978). Outer membrane protein antigens in an ELISA assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meninogoccal meningitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 7, 372–378.
141.
SkelleyD. S.BrownL. P.BeschP. K. (1973). Radioimmunoassay. Clinical Chemistry, 19, 146–186.
142.
SparacioR.HeveyR. C.BonackerL. H. (1975). An enzyme immunoassay for the determination of human alphafoetoprotein. Federation Proceedings, 34, 1024–1033.
143.
StandeferJ. C.SaundersG. C. (1978). Enzyme immunoassay for gentamicin. Clinical Chemistry, 24, 1903–1907.
144.
SunL.SzafirI. (1977). Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and gas chromatography for determination of carbamazepine and ethosuximide in human plasma. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 1753–1756.
145.
TateishiK.YamamotoH.OgiharaT.HayashiC. (1977). EIA of serum testosterone. Steroids, 30, 25–32.
146.
TateishiK.YamamotoH.OgikaraT.HayashiC.KitagawaM. (1975). Enzyme immunoassay of testosterone using the testosterone-glucoamylase complex. Journal of Biochemistry, 80, 191–194.
147.
TautR. R.BollenA.SunT.-T.HersheyJ. W. B.SunbergJ.PierceL. R. (1973). Methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate as a cleavable cross-linking reagent and its application to the E. coli 30S ribosome. Biochemistry, 12, 3266–3273.
148.
TheakstonR. D. G.Lloyd-JonesM. J.ReidH. A. (1977). Micro-ELISA for detecting and assaying snake venom and venom-antibody. Lancet, 2, 639–641.
149.
TheriaultL.PageM. (1977). A solid phase EIA for serum feritin. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 2142–2144.
150.
ThreshJ. M.AdamsA. N.BarbaraD. J.ClarkeM. F. (1977). Detection of three viruses of hop by ELISA. Annals of Applied Biology, 87, 57–66.
151.
TsujiA.MaedaM.ArakawaH.MatsuokaK.KatoN.NaruseH.IrieM. (1978). Enzyme immunoassay of hormones and drugs by using fluorescence and chemiluminescence reactions. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 327–339. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
UllmanE. F.SchwarzbergM.RubensteinK. E. (1976). Fluorescent transfer immunoassay. A general method for the determination of antigens. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 251, 4172–4178.
154.
Van DykeC.ByckR.BarashP. G.JatlowP. (1977). Urinary excretion of immunologically reactive metabolites after intranasal administration of cocaine as followed by EIA. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 241–244.
155.
Van KnapenF.PanggabeanS. O. (1977). Detection of circulating antigen during acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii by ELISA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, 545–547.
156.
Van LenteF.GalenR. S. (1978). Determination of thyroxine by EIA on the AGA autochemist and ABA-100 analyser. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 341–357. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
157.
Van WeemenB. K.SchuursA. H. W. M. (1972). Immunoassay using haptenenzyme conjugates. FEBS Letters, 24, 77–82.
158.
Van WeemenB. K.SchuursA. H. W. M. (1974). Immunoassay using antibodyenzyme conjugates. FEBS Letters, 43, 215–218.
159.
Van WeemenB. K.SchuursA. H. W. M. (1975). The influence of heterologous combinations of antiserum and enzyme-labelled estrogen on the characteristics of oestrogen EIA's. Immunochemistry, 12, 667–670.
160.
Van der WaartM.SchuursA. H. W. M. (1976). Towards the development of a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Zeitschrift fur Analitische Chemie, 279, 142–147.
161.
VelanB.HalmannM. (1978). Chemiluminescence immunoassay, a new sensitive method for determination of antigens. Immunochemistry, 15, 331–338.
162.
VollerA.BartlettA.BidwellD. E. (1978). Enzyme immunoassays with special references to ELISA techniques. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 31, 507–520.
163.
VollerA.BartlettA.BidwellD. E.ClarkM. F.AdamsA. W. (1976). The detection of viruses by ELISA. Journal of General Virology, 33, 165–167.
164.
WalbergC. B. (1978). Immunoassay of cardioactive drugs in serum. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 429–435. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
165.
WallsK. N.BullockS. L.EnglishD. K. (1977). Use of ELISA and its microadaptation for the seradiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 5, 273–277.
166.
WeiR.ReibeS. (1977). Preparation of a phospholipase C-antihuman IgG conjugate and inhibition of its enzymatic activity by human IgG. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 1386–1388.
167.
WeiR.KnightG. J.ZimmermanD. H.BondH. E. (1977). Solid phase EIA for hepatitis B surface antigen. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 813–815.
168.
WhippleE. B.RutaM. (1974). Nature of the bond formed by glutaraldehyde as a protein-protein coupling reagent. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 39, 1666–1668.
169.
WhittleH. C.GreenwoodB. M.BidwellD. E.BartlettA.VollerA. (1977). IgM and antibody measurement in the diagnosis and measurement of Gambian trypanosomiosis. American Journal of Tropical Hygiene, 26, 1129–1134.
170.
WilliamsD. G. (1978). EIA for human placental lactogen suitable for use in a routine hospital laboratory. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay of Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 129–136. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
171.
WisdomG. B. (1976). Enzyme-immunoassay. Clinical Chemistry, 22, 1243–1255.
172.
WoodheadJ. S.AddisonG. M.HalesC. N. (1974). The immunoradiometric assay and related techniques. British Medical Bulletin, 39, 44–49.
173.
YalowR. S.BersonS. A. (1959). Assay of plasma insulin in human subjects by immunological methods. Nature, 184, 1648–1649.
174.
YordeD. E.PlutaP. E.SasseE. A. (1978). Competitive EIA with use of soluble enzyme/antibody immune complexes for labelling. In Enzyme-linked Immunoassay for Hormones and Drugs, edited by PalS. B., pp. 359–372. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
175.
YordeD. E.SasseE. A.WangT. Y.HussaR. O.GarancisJ. C. (1976). Competitive enzyme linked immunoassay with use of soluble enzyme/antibody immune complexes for labelling. 1. Measurement of human choriogonadotropin. Clinical Chemistry, 22, 1372–1377.
176.
YolkenR. H.GreenbergH. B.MersonM. H.SackR. B.KapikianA. Z. (1977a). ELISA for the detection of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, 439–444.
177.
YolkenR. H.KimH. W.ClemT.WyattR. G.KalicaA. R.ChanockR. M.KapikianA. Z. (1977b). ELISA assay for the detection of human reovirus-like agents of infantile gastroenteritis. Lancet, 2, 263–267.
178.
YolkenR. H.WyallR. G.KimH. W.KapikianA. Z.ChannockR. M. (1978). Measurement of antihuman reovirus IgG and IgM by ELISA. Infection and Immunology, 19, 540–546.
179.
ZuyderhoudtF. M. J.BoersW.LinthorstC.JorningG. G. A.HengeveldP. (1978). An EIA for ferritin in human serum and rat plasma and the influence of the iron in serum ferritin on serum iron measurement, during acute hepatitisClinica Chemica Acta, 88, 37–44.