Renal Function Tests Suitable for Clinical Practice

2.2 Guidance given by the concentration of a blood constituent.

De Wardener H. W. The Kidney; an Outline of Normal and Abnormal Structures and Function. 3rd ed., Churchill, London, 1967, pp. 28–32.

2.3.1 Inulin clearance.

Dawborn J. K. Application of Heyrovsley's inulin method to automatic analyses. Clin. chim. Acta 12 (1965) 63.

Smith H. W. The Kidney; Structure and Function in Health and Disease. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951.

Smith H. W. Principles of Renal Physiology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1956, pp. 196.

2.3 Clearance measurements.

Lavender S. Hilton P. J. Jones N. F. The measurement of glomerular filtration rate in renal disease. Lancet 2 (1969) 1216.

McCance R. A. Widdowson E. M. The correct physiological basis on which to compare infant and adult renal function. Lancet 2 (1952) 860.

2.3.3 Urea clearance.

Lubowitz H. Slatopolsky E. Shankel S. Rieselbach R. E. Bricker N. S. Glomerular filtration rate. J. Amer. med. Ass. 199 (1967) 252.

Lavender S. Hilton P. J. Jones N. F. The measurement of glomerular filtration rate in renal disease. Lancet 2 (1969) 1216.

2.3.4 Radioactive indicators.

Bianchi C. Toni P . The measurement of the renal clearance of y emitting tracers by the use of external counting. Experimentia 20 (1964) 148.

Chantler C. Garnett E. S. Parsons V. Veall N . Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the single injection method using ⁵¹Cr-EDTA. Clin. Sci. 37 (1969) 169.

Forland M. Pullman T. N. Lavender A. R. Aho I . The renal excretion of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in the dog. J. Pharm. exp. Ther. 153 (1966) 142.

Marlow C. G. Sheppard G . Labelled tracers of inulin for physiological measurements. Clin. chim. Acta 28 (1970) 469.

3.1 Test of renal tubular function: introduction.

Berliner R. W. Outline of renal physiology. In Strauss M. B. Welt L. G. (eds) Diseases of the Kidney. Little Brown, Boston, 1963, pp. 30–79.

Black D. A. K. Mechanisms of urinary concentration. In Black D. A. K. (ed) Renal Disease. 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford, 1967, pp. 93–109.

Kleeman C. R. Maxwell M. H. Regulation of Body Water. In Maxwell M. H. Kleeman C. R. (eds) Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962, Ch. 4.

3.3.1 Short test of urinary acidification.

Wrong O. Davies H. E. F. The excretion of acid in renal disease. Quart. J. Med. 27 (1959) 259.

3.3.2 Long test of urinary acidification.

De Wardener H. W. The Kidney: an Outline of Normal and Abnormal Structures and Function. 3rd ed., Churchill, London, 1967, pp. 66.

3.4.2 Methods of urinary amino acid analysis.

Rosenthal A. F. Yaseen A . Improved qualitative screening test for cystinuria and homocystinuria. Clin. chim. Acta 26 (1969) 363.

Spaeth G L Barber G. W. Prevalence of homocystinuria among the mentally retarded. Evaluation of a specific screening test. Paediatrics 40 (1967) 586.

3.4.3 Amino aciduria: Normal values References to papers containing data on normal values for urinary plasma and serum amino acids and for the renal clearances of amino acids.

Ackerman P. G. Khein M. T. Plasma amino acids in young and older human subjects. Clin. Chem. 10 (1964) 32.

Blackburn S . Amino Acid Determination; Methods and Techniques. Arnold, London, 1968.

Cockburn F. Sherman J. D. Ingall D. Klein R . Effect of phenylalanine deficient diet on bone marrow and amino acid metabolism. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 118 (1965) 238.

Cockburn F. Robins S. P. Forfar J. O. Free amino acid concentration in foetal fluids. Brit. med. J. 3 (1970) 747.

Dickinson J. C. Rosenblum H. Hamilton P. B. Ion exchange chromatography of the free amino acids in the plasma of infants under 2500 gm at birth. Paediatrics 45 (1970) 606.

Gerritsen T. Rehberg M. L. Waisman H. A. On the determination of free amino acids in serum. Analyt. Biochem. 11 (1965) 460.

Ghadimi H. Pecora P . Plasma amino acids after birth. Paediatrics 34 (1964) 182.

Hsia D. Y. Y. Symposium on treatment of amino acid disorders. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 113 (1967) 1.

Holden J. T. (ed) Amino Acid Pools, Distribution Formation and Function of Free Amino Acids. Elsevier, New York, 1962.

Holton J. B. Jones S. Small N. A. Amino acid changes associated with febrile illness in a case of histidinaemia and in other children. Clin. Sci. 35 (1968) 425.

Iob V. McMath M. Coon W. W. Intraindividual and interindividual variations in plasma free amino acids in normal adults. J. Surg. Res. 3 (1965) 85.

Nyhan W. L. (ed) Amino Acid Metabolism and Genetic Variation. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.

Pasieka A. E. Thomas M. E. Logan J. E. Allen R. H. Observations on methods for the detection of amino-acidurias. Clin. Biochem. 2 (1968) 41.

Rosenberg L. E. Scriver C. R. Disorders of amino acid metabolism. In Bondy P. K. (ed) in association with L. E. Rosenberg, Duncan's Diseases of Metabolism. 6th ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, 1969, p. 366.

Scriver C. R. Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Brit. med. Bull. 25 (1969) 35.

Tewksbury D. A. Lohrenz F. N. Orcadian rhythm of human urinary amino acid excretion in fed and fasted states. Metabolism. 19 (1970) 363.

Zinneman H. H. Seal V. S. Doe R. P. Urinary amino acids in pregnancy, following progesterone and oestrogen-progesterone. J. clin. Endocr. 27 (1967) 397.

3.4.4 Recommendations re amino acid analysis, the use of urinary creatinine as a reference substance.

Applegarth D. A. Hardwick D. F. Ross P. M. Creatinine excretion in childhood and the usefulness of creatinine equivalents in amino acid chromatography. Clin. chim. Acta 22 (1968) 131.

Bailey R. R. De Wardener H. W. Creatinine excretion. Lancet 1 (1970) 145.

Gibbs D. Watts R. W. E. The variation of urinary oxalate excretion with age. J. lab. clin. Med. 73 (1969) 901.

Scott P. J. Hurley P. J. Demonstration of individual variation in constancy of 24 hour urinary creatinine excretion. Clin. chim. Acta 21 (1968) 411.

3.5 Glucosuria.

Bondy P. K. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Bondy P. K. (ed) in association with L. E. Rosenberg, Duncan's Diseases of Metabolism. 6th ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, 1969, pp. 199–294.

Govaerts P . Physiopathology of glucose excretion by the human kidney. Brit. med. J. 2 (1952) 175.

Marks V . Practical aspects of the investigation of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. J. clin. Path. 22 (1969) supp. 2, 42.

Smith H. W. Principles of Renal Physiology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1956, p. 38.

3.6 Measurement of tubular secretory capacity.

De Wardener H. W. The Kidney: An Outline of Normal and Abnormal Structures and Function. 3rd ed., Churchill, London, 1967.

Goldring W. Chassis H . Hypertension and Hypertensive Disease. The Commonwealth Fund, New York, 1944.

Smith H. W. Principles of Renal Physiology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1956, p. 32.

4. Measurement of effective renal plasma flow (RPF).

Bratton A. C. Marshall E. K. A new coupling component for sulfanilamide determination. J. biol. Chem. 128 (1939) 537.

Goldring W. Chassis H . Hypertension and Hypertensive Disease. The Commonwealth Fund, New York, 1944.

Smith H. W. Principles of Renal Physiology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1956, p. 32.

Smith H. W. Finkelstein N. Aliminosa L. Crawford B. Graber M . Renal clearances of substituted hippuric acid derivatives and other aromatic acids in dog and man. J. clin. Invest. 24 (1945) 388.

6.3 Urinary protein fractionation.

Barratt T. M. McLaine P. N. Soothill J. F. Albumin excretion as a measure of glomerular dysfunction in children. Arch. Dis. Child. 45 (1970) 496.

Hardwicke J. Soothill J. F. Proteinuria. In Black D. A. K. (ed) Renal Disease. Blackwell, Oxford, 1967, p. 252.

Hobbs J. R. The detection of Bence-Jones proteins. Biochem. J. 99 (1966).

Hobbs J. R. Disturbances of the immunoglobulins. In The Scientific Basis of Medicine Annual Reviews. Athlone Press, London, 1966.

7. Urine sediments.

De Wardener H. W. The Kidney; An Outline of Normal and Abnormal Structures and Function. 3rd ed., Churchill, London, 1967, p. 33.

7.2 Casts.

McQueen E. G. Composition of urinary casts. Lancet 1 (1966) 397.

8.1 Analysis of urinary stones.

Hodgkinson A. Peacock M. Nicholson M . Quantitative analysis of calcium containing urinary calculi. Invest. Urol. 6 (1969) 549.

Wootton I. D. P. Microanalysis in Medical Biochemistry. 4th ed., Churchill, London, 1964.

Seegmiller J. E. Xanthine stone formation. Amer. J. Med. 45 (1968) 780.

8.2 Analysis of urine.

Archer H. E. Dormer A. E. Scowen E. F. Watts R. W. E. Studies on the urinary excretion of oxalate by normal subjects. Clin. Sci. 16 (1957) 405.

Chalmers R. A. Watts R. W. E. An enzymatic spectrophotometric method for the determination of ‘oxypurines’ (hypoxanthine plus xanthine) in urine and blood plasma. Analyst 93 (1968) 354.

Chalmers R. A. Watts R. W. E. The separate determination of xanthine and hypoxanthine in urine and blood plasma by an enzymatic differential spectrophotometric method. Analyst 94 (1969) 226.

Crawhall J. C. Saunders E. P. Thompson C. J. Heterozygotes for cystinuria. Ann. hum. Genet. 29 (1966) 257.

Epstein S. E. Schriever H. G. Creatinine excretion. Lancet 1 (1970) 192.

Gibbs D. A. Watts R. W. E. The variation of urinary oxalate excretion with age. J. lab. clin. Med. 73 (1969) 901.

Hockaday T. D. R. Frederick F. W. Clayton J. E. Smith L. H. Studies on primary hyperoxaluria II. Urinary oxalate, glycolate and glyoxylate measurement by isotope dilution methods. J. lab. clin. Med. 65 (1965) 677.

Hodgkinson A. Peacock M. Nicholson M . Quantitative analysis of calcium containing urinary calculi. Invest. Urol. 6 (1969) 549.

Hodgkinson A. Zarembski P. M. The determination of oxalic acid in urine. Analyst 86 (1961) 16.

Liddle L. Seegmiller J. E. Laster L . Enzymatic spectrophotometric method for determination of uric acid. J. lab. clin. Med. 54 (1959) 903.

Rosenthal A. F. Yaseen A . Improved qualitative screening test for cystinuria and homocystinuria. Clin. chim. Acta 26 (1969) 363.

Zarembski P. M. Hodgkinson A . The fluorimetric determination of oxalic acid in blood and other biological materials. Biochem. J. 96 (1965) 717.

8.3 Analysis of blood.

Adams P. Chalmers T. M. Hill L. F. Truscott B.McN. Idiopathic hypercalciuna and hyperparathyroidism. Brit. med. J. 4 (1970) 582.