Measurement of Osteocalcin

Eastell R , Blumsohn A. The value of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1215–7

Price PA , Nishimoto SK . Radioimmunoassay for the vitamin K-dependent protein of bone and its discovery in plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 2234–8

Price PA , Parthemore JG , Deftos LJ . New biochemical marker for bone metabolism. Measurement by radioimmunoassay of bone GLA protein in the plasma of normal subjects and patients with bone disease. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 878–83

Price PA , Baukol SA . 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D increases synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein by osteosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 11660–3

Puchacz E , Lian JB , Stein GS , Wozney J , Huebner K , Croce C. Chromosomal localization of the human osteocalcin gene. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 2648–50

Gundberg CM , Clough ME . The osteocalcin propeptide is not secreted in vivo or in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7: 73–80

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Hauschka PV . Osteocalcin: the vitamin K-dependent Ca²⁺-binding protein of bone matrix. Haemostasis 1986; 16: 258–72

Hauschka PV . Calcium-dependent alpha-helical structure in osteocalcin. Biochemistry 1982; 21: 2538–47

Price PA , Urist MR , Otawara Y. Matrix Gla protein, a new gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein which is associated with the organic matrix of bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 117: 765–71

Maillard C , Berruyer M , Serre CM , Dechavanne M , Delmas PD . Protein-S, a vitamin K-dependent protein, is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 1599–604

Pan LC , Price PA . The propeptide of rat bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid protein shares homology with other vitamin K-dependent protein precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 6109–13

Price PA , Poser JW , Raman N. Primary structure of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing Protein from bovine bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 3374–5

Owen TA , Aronow M , Shalhoub V , Barone LE , Wilming L , Tassinari MS , Progressive development of the rat osteoblast phenotype in vitro: reciprocal relationships in expression of genes associated with osteoblast proliferation and differentiation during formation of the extracellular matrix. J Cell Physiol 1990; 143: 1241–5

Thiede MA , Smock SL , Petersen DN , Grasser WA , Thompson DD , Nishimoto SK . Presence of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding osteocalcin, a marker of bone turnover, in bone marrow megakaryocytes and peripheral blood platelets. Endocrinology 1994; 135: 929–37

Benyahu D , Shamay A , Wientroub S. Osteocalcin (BGP) gene expression, and protein production by marrow stromal adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 231: 442–6

Ducy P , Desbois C , Boyce B , Pinero G , Story B , Dunstan C , Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice. Nature 1996; 382: 448–52

Gundberg CM , Wilson PS , Gallop PM , Parfitt AM . Determination of osteocalcin in human serum: results with two kits compared with those by a well-characterized assay. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 1720–3

Farrugia W , Melick RA . Metabolism of osteocalcin. Calc Tiss Internal 1986; 39: 234–8

Diaz DE , Guerrero R , de la Piedra C. Six osteocalcin assays compared. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 2071–7

Rosenquist C , Qvist P , Bjarnason N , Christiansen C. Measurement of a more stable region of osteocalcin in serum by ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1439–45

Hauschka PV , Lian JB , Cole DE , Gundberg CM . Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiol Rev 1989; 69: 990–1047

Garnero P , Grimaux M , Seguin P , Delmas PD . Characterization of immunoreactive forms of human osteocalcin generated in vivo and in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 255–64

Blumsohn A , Hannon RA , Eastell R. Apparent instability of osteocalcin in serum as measured with different commercially available immunoassays. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 318–9

Chen JT , Hosoda K , Hasumi K , Ogata E , Shiraki M. Serum N-terminal osteocalcin is a good indicator for estimating responders to hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1784–92

Colford J , Sailer D , Langman C. Five osteocalcin assays compared: tracer specificity, fragment interference and calibration. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 1240–1

Souberbielle JC , Marque D , Bonnet P , Herviaux P , Sachs C. Simple method to evaluate specificity of osteocalcin immunoassays. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 1663–4

Delmas PD , Christiansen C , Mann KG , Price PA . Bone Gla protein (osteocalcin) assay standardization report. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 5–11

Diaz DE , Nacher M , Rapado A , Serrano S , Bosch J , Aubia J , Immunoreactive osteocalcin forms in conditioned media from human osteoblast culture and in sera from healthy adult control subjects and patients with bone pathologies. Eur J Clin Invest 1998; 28: 48–58

Baumgrass R , Williamson MK , Price PA . Identification of peptide fragments generated by digestion of bovine and human osteocalcin with the lysosomal proteinases cathepsin B, D, L, H and S. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12: 447–55

Brown JP , Delmas PD , Malaval L , Edouard C , Chapuy MC , Meunier PJ . Serum bone Gla-protein: a specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 1984; i: 1091–4

Eastell R , Delmas PD , Hodgson SF , Eriksen EF , Mann KG , Riggs BL . Serum bone gla-protein compared to bone histomorphometry in endocrine diseases. Bone 1985; 6: 339–41

Eastell R , Delmas PD , Hodgson SF , Eriksen EF , Mann KG , Riggs BL . Bone formation rate in older normal women: concurrent assessment with bone histomorphometry, calcium kinetics, and biochemical markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 741–8

Charles P , Poser JW , Mosekilde L , Jensen FT . Estimation of bone turnover evaluated by 47 Ca-Kinetics. Efficiency of serum bone gammacarboxygluatmic acid-containing protein, serum alkaline phosphatase, and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 2254–8

Markowitz ME , Gundberg CM , Rosen JF . The circadian rhythm of serum osteocalcin concentrations: effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D administration. Calcif Tissue Int 1987; 40: 179–83

Christiansen P , Steiniche T , Brixen K , Hessov I , Melsen F , Charles P , Primary hyperparathyroidism: biochemical markers and bone mineral density at multiple skeletal sites in Danish patients. Bone 1997; 21: 93–9

Blumsohn A , Eastell R. Prediction of bone loss in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22: 764–6

Eastell R , Robins SP , Colwell T , Assiri AM , Riggs BL , Russell RG . Evaluation of bone turnover in type I osteoporosis using biochemical markers specific for both bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoporos Intl 1993; 3: 255–60

Deftos LL , Parthemore JG , Price PA . Changes in plasma bone gla protein during treatment of bone disease. Calcif Tissue Int 1982; 34: 121–4

Nielsen HK , Brixen K , Bouillon R , Mosekilde L. Changes in biochemical markers of osteoblastic activity during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 1431–7

Hannon R , Eastell R. Biochemical markers of bone turnover. In: Tovey FI , Stamp TCB , eds. The Measurement of Metabolic Bone Disease. London: Parthenon Publishing Group, 1995: 21–47

Duda RJ Jr , O'Brien JF , Katzmann JA , Peterson JM , Mann KG , Riggs BL . Concurrent assays of circulating bone Gla-protein and bone alkaline phosphatase: effects of sex, age, and metabolic bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 951–7

Minisola S , Scanecchia L , Carnevale V , Bigi F , Romagnoli E , Pacitti MT , Clinical value of the measurement of bone remodelling markers in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 1989; 12: 537–42

Delmas PD , Demiaux B , Malaval L , Chapuy MC , Meunier PJ . Serum bone gla-protein is not a sensitive marker of bone turnover in Paget's disease of bone. Calcif Tissue Int 1986; 38: 60–1

Wilkinson MR , Wagstaffe C , Delbridge L , Wiseman J , Posen S. Serum osteocalcin concentrations in Paget's disease of bone. Arch Int Med 1986; 146: 268–71

Ingram RT , Collazo-Clavell M , Tiegs R , Fitzpatrick LA . Paget's disease is associated with changes in the immunohistochemical distribution of non-collagenous matrix proteins in bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1810–20

Carlson K , Ljunghall S , Simonsson B , Smedmyr B. Serum osteocalcin concentrations in patients with multiple myeloma - correlation with disease stage and survival. J Int Med 1992; 231: 133–7

Delmas PD , Demiaux B , Malaval L , Chapuy MC , Edouard C , Meunier PJ . Serum bone carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in primary hyperparathyroidism and in malignant hypercalcaemia. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 985–91

Vinholes J , Guo CY , Purohit OP , Eastell R , Coleman RE . Metabolic effects of pamidronate in patients with metastatic bone disease. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1089–95

Vinholes JJ , Guo CY , Purohit OP , Eastell R , Coleman RE . Evaluation of new bone resorption markers in a randomized comparison of pamidronate or clodronate for hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 131–8

Pietschmann P , Resch H , Muller CH , Woloszczuk W , Wilsvonseder R. Decreased serum osteocalcin levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. Bone Miner 1990; 8: 103–8

Hodgson SF , Dickson ER , Eastell R , Eriksen EF , Bryant SC , Riggs BL . Rates of cancellous bone remodeling and turnover in osteopenia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Bone 1993; 14: 819–27

Lukert BP , Higgins JC , Stoskopf MM . Serum osteocalcin is increased in patients with hyperthyroidism and decreased in patients receiving glucocorticoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 1056–8

Guo CY , Weetman AP , Eastell R. Longitudinal changes of bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women on thyroxine. Clin Endocrinol 1997; 46: 301–7

Ingle BM , Hay SM , Bottjer HM , Eastell R. Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following distal forearm fracture. Osteoporosis Int 1999; 10: 399–407

Ingle BM , Hay SM , Bottjer HM , Eastell R. Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following ankle fracture. Osteoporosis Int 1999; 10: 408–415

Obrant K , Merle B , Bejui J , Delmas PD . Serum bone-gla protein after fracture. Clin Orthop 1990; 258: 300–3

Duda RJJ , Kumar R , Nelson KI , Zinsmeister AR , Mann KG , Riggs BL . 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D stimulation test for osteoblast function in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1249–53

Nielsen HK , Charles P , Mosekilde L. The effect of single oral doses of prednisone on the circadian rhythm of serum osteocalcin in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 1025–9

Nielsen HK , Brixen K , Kassem M , Mosekilde L. Acute effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, prednisone, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 plus prednisone on serum osteocalcin in normal individuals. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6: 435–41

Struijs A , Mulder H. The effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on bone mass and biochemical markers of bone homeostasis: a 1-year study of beclomethasone versus budesonide. Neth J Med 1997; 50: 233–7

Lane SJ , Vaja S , Swaminathan R , Lee TH . Effects of prednisolone on bone turnover in patients with corticosteroid resistant asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26: 1197–201

Godschalk MF , Downs RW . Effect of short-term glucocorticoids on serum osteocalcin in healthy young men. J Bone Miner Res 1988; 3: 113–5

Kotowicz MA , Hall S , Hunder GG , Cedel SL , Mann KG , Riggs BL . Relationship of glucocorticoid dosage to serum bone Gla-protein concentration in patients with rheumatologic disorders. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1487–92

Peacey SR , Guo CY , Robinson AM , Price A , Giles MA , Eastell R , Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997; 46: 255–61

Takeshita N , Seino Y , Ishida H , Tanaka H , Tsutsumi C , Ogata K , Increased circulating levels of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein and decreased bone mass in children on anticonvulsant therapy. Calcif Tissue Int 1989; 44: 80–5

Cantini F , Niccoli L , Bellandi F , Di Munno O. Effects of short-term, high dose, heparin therapy on biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Clin Rheumatol 1995; 14: 663–6

van Haarlem LJ , Knapen MH , Hamulyak K , Vermeer C. Circulating osteocalcin during oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1988; 60: 79–82

Jamal SA , Browner WS , Bauer DC , Cummings SR . Warfarin use and risk for osteoporosis in elderly women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 829–32

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Hodges SJ , Pilkington MJ , Stamp TCB , Catterall A , Shearer MJ , Bitensky L , Depressed levels of circulating menaquinones in patients with osteoporotic fractures of the spine and femoral neck. Bone 1991; 12: 387–9

Hodges SJ , Pilkington MJ , Shearer MJ , Bitensky L , Chayen J. Age-related changes in the circulating levels of congeners of vitamin K₂, menaquinone-7 and menaquinone-8. Clin Sci 1990; 78: 63–6

Hodges SJ , Akesson K , Vergnaud P , Obrant K , Delmas PD . Circulating levels of vitamins K₁ and K₂ decreased in elderly women with hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: 1241–5

Plantalech L , Guillaumont M , Vergnaud P , Leclercq M , Delmas PD . Impairment of gamma carboxylation of circulating osteocalcin (bone gla protein) in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6: 1211–6

Knapen MHJ , Hamulyak K , Vermeer C. The effect of vitamin K supplementation on circulating osteocalcin (bone Gla protein) and urinary calcium excretion. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 1001–5

Knapen MH , Jie KS , Hamulyak K , Vermeer C. Vitamin K-induced changes in markers for osteoblast activity and urinary calcium loss. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53: 81–5

Szulc P , Arlot M , Chapuy MC , Duboeuf F , Meunier PJ , Delmas PD . Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin correlates with hip bone mineral density in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 1591–5

Szulc P , Chapuy MC , Meunier PJ , Delmas PD . Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1769–74

Szulc P , Chapuy MC , Meunier PJ , Delmas PD . Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture: a three year follow-up study. Bone 1996; 18: 487–8

Older MWJ , Delyth E , Dickerson JWT . A nutrient survey in elderly women with femoral neck fracture. Br J Surg 1980; 67: 884–6

Delmi M , Rapin CH , Bengoa JM , Delmas PD , Vasey H , Bonjour JP . Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur. Lancet 1990; 335: 1016

Vergnaud P , Garnero P , Meunier PJ , Breart G , Kamihagi K , Delmas PD . Undercarboxylated osteocalcin measured with a specific immunoassay predicts hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 719–24

Seibel MJ . Editorial: Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin and the risk of hip fracture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 82: 717–8

Menon RK , Gill DS , Thomas M , Kernoff PBA , Dandona P. Impaired carboxylation of osteocalcin in warfarin-treated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 59–61

Price PA , Nishimoto SK . Radioimmunoassay for the vitamin K-dependent protein of bone and its discovery in plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 2234–8

Tanaka H , Kuwada M , Shiraki M , Katayama Y. An enzyme immunoassay for osteocalcin. J Immunol Methods 1986; 94: 19–24

Price PA , Williamson MK , Lothringer JW . Origin of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein found in plasma and its clearance by kidney and bone. J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 12760–6

Sokoll LJ , O'Brien ME , Camilo ME , Sadowski JA . Undercarboxylated osteocalcin and development of a method to determine vitamin K status. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1121–8

Koyama N , Ohara K , Yokota H , Kurome T , Katayama M , Hino F , A one step sandwich enzyme immunoassay for γ-carboxylated osteocalcin using monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1991; 139: 17–23

Masters PW , Jones RG , Purves DA , Cooper EH , Cooney JM . Commercial assays for serum osteocalcin give clinically discordant results. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 358–63

Banfi G , Daverio R. In vitro stability of osteocalcin. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 833–4

Power MJ , O'Dwyer B , Breen E , Fottrell PF . Osteocalcin concentrations in plasma prepared with different anticoagulants. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 281–4

Noonan K , Kalu ME , Holownia P , Burrin JM . Effect of different storage temperatures, sample collection procedures and immunoassay methods on osteocalcin measurement. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1996; 34: 841–4

Power MJ , O'Dwyer B , Breen E , Fottrell PF . Osteocalcin concentrations in plasma prepared with different anticoagulants. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 281–4

Tracy RP , Andrianorivo A , Riggs BL , Mann KG . Comparison of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody-based immunoassays for osteocalcin: a study of sources of variation in assay results. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 451–61

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Gundberg CM , Markowitz ME , Mizruchi M , Rosen JF . Osteocalcin in human serum: a circadian rhythm. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 736–9

Thomsen K , Eriksen EF , Jorgensen JC , Charles P , Mosekilde L. Seasonal variation of serum bone GLA protein. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989; 49: 605–11

Nielsen HK , Brixen K , Mosekilde L. Diurnal rhythm and 24-hour integrated concentrations of serum osteocalcin in normals: influence of age, sex, season and smoking habits. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 47: 284–90

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Delmas PD , Stenner D , Wahner HW , Mann KG , Riggs BL . Increase in serum bone gammacarboxyglutamic acid protein with aging in women. Implications for the mechanism of age-related bone loss. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 1316–21

Hannon R , Blumsohn A , Naylor K , Eastell R. Response of biochemical markers of bone turnover to hormone replacement therapy: impact of biological variability. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13: 1124–33