Knife-Edge Technique Using Raman Spectrometers to Determine the Effective Laser Spot Size on Powders: Implications for Planetary Exploration

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique of choice for Earth and planetary sciences, which was recently selected as part of robotic exploration missions on Mars. Indeed, several miniaturized Raman spectrometers have been included into the scientific payload of rovers for the remote surface exploration of Mars: SuperCam and Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) for the NASA Mars 2020 mission and the Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) for the European Space Agency's (ESA) ExoMars mission. In preparation for these missions, a number of Mars analogue biogeological samples retrieved on Earth are extensively interrogated using Raman spectrometers, including flight prototype instruments but not only. Some studies also used flight representative portable instruments, as well as benchtop instruments. Commonly, authors reported the excitation laser wavelength and its power but often omitted the laser spot size on the sample which is a key factor for comparing several studies in term of spectrometer capabilities. In this study, we reported an easy, fast and universal experimental approach for determining the effective laser spot size, defined as the diameter of the sample section which is effectively probed by the Raman spectrometer during the analyses. Here, we characterized the effective laser spot size for a benchtop micro-Raman system and two different portable spectrometers, using a standard silicon wafer and gypsum powders with various average grain sizes. The dependence of the laser spot size with the grain size of the samples is discussed with regards to qualitative and quantitative analyses of solid dispersions in the scope of remote planetary missions.

Graphical abstract

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