Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) is a molecular tagging velocimetry technique that can be applied in combustion flow fields, although detailed studies of its application in combustion are still needed. We report the applicability of FLEET in premixed CH4–air flames. We found that FLEET can be applied in all of the combustion areas (e.g., the unburned region, the burned region and the reaction zone). The FLEET signal in the unburned region is significantly higher than that in the burned region. This technique is suitable for both lean and rich CH4–air combustion flow fields and its performance in lean flames is better than that in rich flames.
SelleL.LartigueG.PoinsotT.et al.“Compressible Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion in Complex Geometry on Unstructured Meshes”. Combust. Flame. 2004. 137(4): 489–505.
Sanchez-GonzalezR.BowersoxR.D.W.NorthS.W.“Vibrationally Excited NO Tagging by NO Fluorescence and Quenching for Simultaneous Velocimetry and Thermometry in Gaseous Flows”. Opt. Lett. 2014. 39(9): 2771–2774.
6.
HsuA.G.SrinivasanR.BowersoxR.D.W.et al.“Molecular Tagging Using Vibrationally Excited Nitric Oxide in an Underexpanded Jet Flowfield”. AIAA J. 2009. 47(11): 2597–2604.
7.
BarkerP.ThomasA.Rubinsztein-DunlopH.et al.“Velocity Measurements by Flow Tagging Employing Laser Enhanced Ionisation and Laser Induced Fluorescence”. Spectrochim. Acta, Part B. 1995. 50(11): 1301–1310.
8.
Rubinsztein-DunlopH.LittletonB.BarkerP.et al.“Ionic Strontium Fluorescence as a Method for Flow Tagging Velocimetry”. Exp. Fluids. 2001. 30(1): 36–42.
9.
MilesR.B.ConnorsJ.J.MarkovitzE.C.et al.“Instantaneous Profiles and Turbulence Statistics of Supersonic Free Shear Layers by Raman Excitation Plus Laser-Induced Electronic Fluorescence (RELIEF) Velocity Tagging of Oxygen”. Exp. Fluids. 1989. 1–2(8): 17–24.
10.
MilesR.B.GrinsteadJ.KohlR.H.et al.“The RELIEF Flow Tagging Technique and its Application in Engine Testing Facilities and for Helium–Air Mixing Studies”. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2000. 11(11): 1272–1281.
11.
MilesR.B.ZhouD.ZhangB.et al.“Fundamental Turbulence Measurements by Relief Flow Tagging”. AIAA J. 1991. 3(31): 447–452.
12.
MilesR.CohenC.ConnorsJ.et al.“Velocity Measurements by Vibrational Tagging and Fluorescent Probing of Oxygen”. Opt. Lett. 1987. 11(12): 861–863.
13.
DamN.KleindouwelR.J.SijtsemaN.M.et al.“Nitric Oxide Flow Tagging in Unseeded Air”. Opt. Lett. 2001. 26(1): 36–38.
14.
Van Der LaanW.P.N.TolboomR.A.L.DamN.J.et al.“Molecular Tagging Velocimetry in the Wake of an Object in Supersonic Flow”. Exp. Fluids. 2003. 34(4): 531–534.
15.
S.P. Nandula, R.W. Pitz, J. Bominaar, et al. “Kinetics of NO Tag Formation in Air for Unseeded Molecular Tagging Velocimetry”. 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibition. Reno, Nevada, USA; January 5–8 2004.
16.
SijtsemaN.M.DamN.J.Klein-DouwelR.J.H.et al.“Air Photolysis and Recombination Tracking: A New Molecular Tagging Velocimetry Scheme”. AIAA J. 2002. 40(6): 1061–1064.
17.
R.W. Pita, L.A. Ribarov, J.A. Wehrmeyer, et al. “Ozone Tagging Velocimetry for Unseeded Velocity Measurements in Air Flows”. 20th AIAA Advanced Measurement and Ground Testing Technology Conference. Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; 1998.
18.
RibarovL.A.WehrmeyerJ.A.BatliwalaF.et al.“Ozone Tagging Velocimetry Using Narrowband Excimer Lasers”. AIAA J. 1999. 37(37): 708–714.
19.
PitzR.W.BrownT.M.NandulaS.P.et al.“Unseeded Velocity Measurement by Ozone Tagging Velocimetry”. Opt. Let. 1996. 21(10): 755–757.
20.
RibarovL.A.WehrmeyerJ.A.PitzR.W.et al.“Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry (HTV) in Experimental Air Flows”. Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 2002. 74(2): 175–183.
R.W. Pitz, M.D. Lahr, Z.W. Douglas, et al. “Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry in a Mach 2 Flow with a Wall Cavity”. 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibition. Reno, Nevada, USA; 2005.
23.
RibarovL.A.WehrmeyerJ.A.HuS.et al.“Multiline Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry Measurements in Reacting and Nonreacting Experimental Flows”. Exp. Fluids. 2004. 37(1): 65–74.
24.
MichaelJ.B.EdwardsM.R.DogariuA.et al.“Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging for Quantitative Velocity Imaging in Air”. Appl. Opt. 2011. 26(50): 5158–5162.
25.
R.B. Miles, M.R. Edwards, J.B. Michael, et al. “Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging (FLEET) for Imaging Flow Structure in Unseeded Hot or Cold Air or Nitrogen”. 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Grapevine, Texas, USA; January 7–10, 2013.
26.
ZhangY.MilesR.B.“Femtosecond Laser Tagging for Velocimetry in Argon and Nitrogen Gas Mixtures”. Opt. Lett. 2018. 43(3): 551–554.
27.
EdwardsM.R.DogariuA.MilesR.B.“Simultaneous Temperature and Velocity Measurements in Air with Femtosecond Laser Tagging”. AIAA J. 2015. 53(3): 1–9.
28.
M.R. Edwards, A. Dogariu, R.B. Miles. “Simultaneous Temperature and Velocity Measurement in Unseeded Air Flows with FLEET”. 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Grapevine, Texas, USA; January 7–10, 2013.
29.
DelucaN.J.MilesR.B.JiangN.et al.“FLEET Velocimetry for Combustion and Flow Diagnostics”. Appl. Opt. 2017. 56(31): 8632–8638.
30.
N. Jiang, B.R. Halls, H.U. Stauffer, et al. “Selective Two‐Photon Absorption Resonance Femtosecond‐Laser Electronic‐Excitation Tagging (STARFLEET) Velocimetry in Flow and Combustion Diagnostics”. 32nd AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference. Washington, DC, USA; June 13–17, 2016.
31.
LiH.WeiX.XuH.et al.“Femtosecond Laser Filamentation for Sensing Combustion Intermediates: A Comparative Study”. Sens. Actuators, B. 2014. 203(1): 887–890.
32.
RabensteinF.LeipertzA.“Two-Dimensional Temperature Determination in the Exhaust Region of a Laminar Flat-Flame Burner with Linear Raman Scattering”. Appl. Opt. 1997. 36(27): 6989–6996.
