Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) has become one of the most appealing technologies to characterize molecular structures at interfaces. In this focal point review, we focus on SFG-VS studies at buried polymer interfaces and review many of the recent publications in the field. We also cover the essential theoretical background of SFG-VS and discuss the experimental implementation of SFG-VS.
ShenY.“Surface Properties Probed by Second-Harmonic and Sum-Frequency Generation”. Nature. 1989337, 519–525.
2.
ChenZ.ShenY.SomorjaiG.A.“Studies of Polymer Surfaces by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 200253, 437–465.
3.
ChenZ.“Investigating Buried Polymer Interfaces Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010. 35(11): 1376–1402.
4.
ChenZ.“Understanding Surfaces and Buried Interfaces of Polymer Materials at the Molecular Level Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Polym. Int. 2007. 56(5): 577–587.
5.
ZhangC.MyersJ.N.ChenZ.“Elucidation of Molecular Structures at Buried Polymer Interfaces and Biological Interfaces Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Soft Matter. 2013. 9(19): 4738–4761.
6.
J.N. Myers, Z. Chen. “Polymer Molecular Behaviors at Buried Polymer/Metal and Polymer/Polymer Interfaces and Their Relations to Adhesion in Packaging”. J. Adhes. 2016. doi: 10.1080/00218464.2016.1204603.
7.
HankettJ.M.LiuY.ZhangX.et al.“Molecular Level Studies of Polymer Behaviors at the Water Interface Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013. 51(5): 311–328.
8.
D. Ahn, A. Dhinojwala. Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy of Silicone Surfaces and Interfaces. Silicone Surface Science. The Netherlands: Springer, 2012. Pp. 23–58.
9.
LuX.ZhangC.UlrichN.et al.“Studying Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Anal. Chem. 2017. 89(1): 466–489.
10.
HuntJ.Guyot-SionnestP.ShenY.“Observation of CH Stretch Vibrations of Monolayers of Molecules Optical Sum-Frequency Generation”. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1987. 133(3): 189–192.
11.
ZhuX.SuhrH.ShenY.“Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy by Infrared–Visible Sum Frequency Generation”. Phys. Rev. B. 1987. 35(6–15): 3047–3050.
12.
ZhangD.WardR.ShenY.et al.“Environment-Induced Surface Structural Changes of a Polymer: An in Situ IR+ Visible Sum-Frequency Spectroscopic Study”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 1997. 101(44): 9060–9064.
Y. Shen. “Surfaces Probed by Nonlinear Optics”. Surf. Sci. 1994. 299–300: 551–562.
15.
LambertA.G.DaviesP.B.NeivandtD.J.“Implementing the Theory of Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy: A Tutorial Review”. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2005. 40(2): 103–145.
16.
ZhuangX.MirandaP.KimD.et al.“Mapping Molecular Orientation and Conformation at Interfaces by Surface Nonlinear Optics”. Phys. Rev. B. 199959, 12632.
17.
HuaW.ChenX.AllenH.C.“Phase-Sensitive Sum Frequency Revealing Accommodation of Bicarbonate Ions, and Charge Separation of Sodium and Carbonate Ions within the Air/Water Interface”. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2011. 115(23): 6233–6238.
18.
RichC.C.MattsonM.A.KrummelA.T.“Direct Measurement of the Absolute Orientation of N3 Dye at Gold and Titanium Dioxide Surfaces with Heterodyne-Detected Vibrational SFG Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2016. 120(12): 6601–6611.
MoadA.J.SimpsonG.J.“A Unified Treatment of Selection Rules and Symmetry Relations for Sum-Frequency and Second Harmonic Spectroscopies”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2004. 108(11): 3548–3562.
22.
HiroseC.AkamatsuN.DomenK.“Formulas for the Analysis of the Surface SFG Spectrum and Transformation Coefficients of Cartesian SFG Tensor Components”. Appl. Spectrosc. 1992. 46(6): 1051–1072.
23.
GautamK.SchwabA.D.DhinojwalaA.et al.“Molecular Structure of Polystyrene at Air/Polymer and Solid/Polymer Interfaces”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000. 85(18): 3854.
24.
WangJ.ChenC.BuckS.M.et al.“Molecular Chemical Structure on Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) Surface Studied by Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) Vibrational Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2001. 105(48): 12118–12125.
25.
HiroseC.AkamatsuN.DomenK.“Formulas for the Analysis of Surface Sum-Frequency Generation Spectrum by CH Stretching Modes of Methyl and Methylene Groups”. J. Chem. Phys. 199296, 997–1004.
26.
WuH.ZhangW.-K.GanW.et al.“An Empirical Approach to the Bond Additivity Model in Quantitative Interpretation of Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectra”. J. Chem. Phys. 2006125, 133203.
27.
LuX.HanJ.ShephardN.et al.“Phenolic Resin Surface Restructuring Upon Exposure to Humid Air: A Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopic Study”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2009. 113(39): 12944–12951.
28.
NguyenK.T.Le ClairS.V.YeS.et al.“Orientation Determination of Protein Helical Secondary Structures Using Linear and Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2009. 113(36): 12169–12180.
29.
NguyenK.T.KingJ.T.ChenZ.“Orientation Determination of Interfacial β-Sheet Structures in Situ”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2010. 114(25): 8291–8300.
30.
LuR.GanW.WuB.-H.et al.“Vibrational Polarization Spectroscopy of CH Stretching Modes of the Methylene Group at the Vapor/Liquid Interfaces with Sum Frequency Generation”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2004. 108(22): 7297–7306.
31.
GanW.ZhangZ.FengR.-R.et al.“Spectral Interference and Molecular Conformation at Liquid Interface with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy (SFG-VS)”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2007. 111(25): 8726–8738.
32.
HommelE.L.MaG.AllenH.C.“Broadband Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of a Liquid Surface”. Anal. Sci. 2001. 17(11): 1325–1329.
33.
VelardeL.WangH.-F.“Unified Treatment and Measurement of the Spectral Resolution and Temporal Effects in Frequency-Resolved Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy (SFG-VS)”. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013. 15. 19970–19984.
34.
VelardeL.ZhangX.-Y.LuZ.et al.“Communication: Spectroscopic Phase and Lineshapes in High-Resolution Broadband Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy: Resolving Interfacial Inhomogeneities of ‘Identical’ Molecular Groups”. J. Chem. Phys. 2011. 135(24): 241102.
35.
ChenC.WangJ.EvenM.A.et al.“Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy Studies on “Buried” Polymer/Polymer Interfaces”. Macromolecules. 2002. 35(21): 8093–8097.
36.
ZhangC.ShephardN.E.RhodesS.M.et al.“Headgroup Effect on Silane Structures at Buried Polymer/Silane and Polymer/Polymer Interfaces and Their Relations to Adhesion”. Langmuir. 2012. 28(14): 6052–6059.
37.
HarpG.P.DhinojwalaA.“Direct Probe of Interfacial Structure During Mechanical Contact between Two Polymer Films Using Infrared Visible Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. J. Adhes. 2005. 81(3–4): 371–379.
38.
MiyauchiY.SanoH.NakajimaR.et al.“Optical Sum Frequency Generation Spectra of Water Molecules on a Polycarbonate Film Exposed to O2 Plasma”. e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotechnol. 201412, 414–417.
39.
TongY.TyrodeE.OsawaM.et al.“Preferential Adsorption of Amino-Terminated Silane in a Binary Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayer”. Langmuir. 2011. 27(9): 5420–5426.
40.
InutsukaM.HorinouchiA.TanakaK.“Aggregation States of Polymers at Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Solid Interfaces”. ACS Macro. Lett. 2015. 4(10): 1174–1178.
41.
TateishiY.KaiN.NoguchiH.et al.“Local Conformation of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) at Nitrogen and Water Interfaces”. Polym. Chem. 2010. 1(3): 303–311.
42.
HankettJ.M.LuX.LiuY.et al.“Interfacial Molecular Restructuring of Plasticized Polymers in Water”. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014. 16(37): 20097–20106.
43.
ZhangC.JasenskyJ.ChenZ.“Multireflection Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Anal. Chem. 2015. 87(16): 8157–8164.
44.
LagutchevA.HambirS.A.DlottD.D.“Nonresonant Background Suppression in Broadband Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2007. 111(37): 13645–13647.
45.
WeeramanC.MitchellS.A.LaustenR.et al.“Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy Using Inverted Visible Pulses”. Opt. Express. 2010. 18(11): 11483–11494.
46.
CurtisA.D.AsplundM.C.PattersonJ.E.“Use of Variable Time-Delay Sum-Frequency Generation for Improved Spectroscopic Analysis”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011. 115(39): 19303–19310.
47.
QuastA.D.CurtisA.D.HornB.A.et al.“Role of Nonresonant Sum-Frequency Generation in the Investigation of Model Liquid Chromatography Systems”. Anal. Chem. 2012. 84(4): 1862–1870.
48.
WangJ.ClarkeM.L.ChenZ.“Polarization Mapping: A Method to Improve Sum Frequency Generation Spectral Analysis”. Anal. Chem. 2004. 76(8): 2159–2167.
49.
WangJ.ChenX.ClarkeM.L.et al.“Detection of Chiral Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectra of Proteins and Peptides at Interfaces in Situ”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005. 102(14): 4978–4983.
50.
LuX.ShephardN.HanJ.et al.“Probing Molecular Structures of Polymer/Metal Interfaces by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Macromolecules. 2008. 41(22): 8770–8777.
51.
ChenQ.ZhangD.SomorjaiG.et al.“Probing the Surface Structural Rearrangement of Hydrogels by Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999. 121(2): 446–447.
52.
WangJ.WoodcockS.E.BuckS.M.et al.“Different Surface-Restructuring Behaviors of Poly(Methacrylate) S Detected by SFG in Water”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001. 123(38): 9470–9471.
53.
WangJ.PasztiZ.EvenM.A.et al.“Measuring Polymer Surface Ordering Differences in Air and Water by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002. 124(24): 7016–7023.
54.
ChenC.ClarkeM.L.WangJ.et al.“Comparison of Surface Structures of Poly (Ethyl Methacrylate) and Poly (Ethyl Acrylate) in Different Chemical Environments”. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005. 7(11): 2357–2363.
55.
ClarkeM.L.ChenC.WangJ.et al.“Molecular Level Structures of Poly (n-Alkyl Methacrylate)s with Different Side Chain Lengths at the Polymer/Air and Polymer/Water Interfaces”. Langmuir. 2006. 22(21): 8800–8806.
56.
LiG.YeS.MoritaS.et al.“Hydrogen Bonding on the Surface of Poly (2-Methoxyethyl Acrylate)”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004. 126(39): 12198–12199.
57.
McGallS.J.DaviesP.B.NeivandtD.J.“Interference Effects in Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectra of Thin Polymer Films: An Experimental and Modeling Investigation”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2004. 108(41): 16030–16039.
58.
LambertA.G.NeivandtD.J.BriggsA.M.et al.“Interference Effects in Sum Frequency Spectra from Monolayers on Composite Dielectric/Metal Substrates”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2002. 106(21): 5461–5469.
59.
LuX.ClarkeM.L.LiD.et al.“A Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Study of the Interference Effect in Poly (n-Butyl Methacrylate) Thin Films Sandwiched between Silica and Water”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011. 115(28): 13759–13767.
60.
OdaY.HorinouchiA.KawaguchiD.et al.“Effect of Side-Chain Carbonyl Groups on the Interface of Vinyl Polymers with Water”. Langmuir. 2014. 30(5): 1215–1219.
61.
HiraiT.OsumiS.OgawaH.et al.“Precise Synthesis and Surface Wettability of a Polymer with Liquid Crystalline Side Chains”. Macromolecules. 2014. 47(15): 4901–4907.
62.
ChenC.WangJ.ChenZ.“Surface Restructuring Behavior of Various Types of Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) in Water Detected by SFG”. Langmuir. 2004. 20(23): 10186–10193.
63.
ShiQ.YeS.SpanningaS.A.et al.“The Molecular Surface Conformation of Surface-Tethered Polyelectrolytes on PDMS Surfaces”. Soft Matter. 2009. 5(18): 3487–3494.
64.
HsiaoE.BarnetteA.L.BradleyL.C.et al.“Hydrophobic but Hygroscopic Polymer Films–Identifying Interfacial Species and Understanding Water Ingress Behavior”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2011. 3(11): 4236–4241.
65.
KimC.GurauM.C.CremerP.S.et al.“Chain Conformation of Poly(dimethyl siloxane) at the Air/Water Interface by Sum Frequency Generation”. Langmuir. 2008. 24(18): 10155–10160.
66.
YeS.McClellandA.MajumdarP.et al.“Detection of Tethered Biocide Moiety Segregation to Silicone Surface Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Langmuir. 2008. 24(17): 9686–9694.
67.
YeS.MajumdarP.ChisholmB.et al.“Antifouling and Antimicrobial Mechanism of Tethered Quaternary Ammonium Salts in a Cross-Linked Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) Matrix Studied Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Langmuir. 2010. 26(21): 16455–16462.
68.
LiuY.LengC.ChisholmB.et al.“Surface Structures of PDMS Incorporated with Quaternary Ammonium Salts Designed for Antibiofouling and Fouling Release Applications”. Langmuir. 2013. 29(9): 2897–2905.
69.
LiX.LiB.ZhangX.et al.“Detecting Surface Hydration of Poly (2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) in Solution in Situ”. Macromolecules. 2016. 49(8): 3116–3125.
70.
LengC.GibneyK.A.LiuY.et al.“In Situ Probing the Surface Restructuring of Antibiofouling Amphiphilic Polybetaines in Water”. ACS Macro Lett. 2013. 2(11): 1011–1015.
71.
LengC.BussH.G.SegalmanR.A.et al.“Surface Structure and Hydration of Sequence-Specific Amphiphilic Polypeptoids for Antifouling/Fouling Release Applications”. Langmuir. 2015. 31(34): 9306–9311.
72.
LengC.HanX.ShaoQ.et al.“In Situ Probing of the Surface Hydration of Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes: Structural and Environmental Effects”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2014. 118(29): 15840–15845.
73.
LengC.HungH.-C.SieggreenO.A.et al.“Probing the Surface Hydration of Nonfouling Zwitterionic and Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Materials with Isotopic Dilution Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015. 119(16): 8775–8780.
74.
LengC.SunS.ZhangK.et al.“Molecular Level Studies on Interfacial Hydration of Zwitterionic and Other Antifouling Polymers in Situ”. Acta Biomater. 201640, 6–15.
75.
ZhangC.WangJ.KhmaladzeA.et al.“Examining Surface and Bulk Structures Using Combined Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopies”. Opt. Lett. 2011. 36(12): 2272–2274.
76.
HankettJ.M.ZhangC.ChenZ.“Sum Frequency Generation and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Plasma-Treated Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Films”. Langmuir. 2012. 28(10): 4654–4662.
77.
ZhangX.ZhangC.HankettJ.M.et al.“Molecular Surface Structural Changes of Plasticized PVC Materials after Plasma Treatment”. Langmuir. 2013. 29(12): 4008–4018.
78.
ClarkeM.L.WangJ.ChenZ.“Sum Frequency Generation Studies on the Surface Structures of Plasticized and Unplasticized Polyurethane in Air and in Water”. Anal. Chem. 2003. 75(14): 3275–3280.
79.
JohnsonC.M.SugihartoA.B.RokeS.“Surface and Bulk Structure of Poly-(Lactic Acid) Films Studied by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2007. 449(1–3): 191–195.
80.
YangF.ZhangX.SongL.et al.“Controlled Drug Release and Hydrolysis Mechanism of Polymer–Magnetic Nanoparticle Composite”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2015. 7(18): 9410–9419.
81.
DreesenL.HumbertC.HollanderP.et al.“Study of the Water/Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Interface by IR-Visible Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001. 333(5): 327–331.
82.
ChenC.EvenM.A.WangJ.et al.“Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy Studies on Molecular Conformation of Liquid Polymers Poly (Ethylene Glycol) and Poly (Propylene Glycol) at Different Interfaces”. Macromolecules. 2002. 35(24): 9130–9135.
83.
KimJ.OpdahlA.ChouK.C.et al.“Hydrophobic-Interaction-Induced Alignment of Polymers at the Solid/Liquid Interface Studied by Infrared-Visible Sum Frequency Generation”. Langmuir. 2003. 19(23): 9551–9553.
84.
EvenM.A.ChenC.WangJ.et al.“Chemical Structures of Liquid Poly (ethylene glycol)s with Different End Groups at Buried Polymer Interfaces”. Macromolecules. 2006. 39(26): 9396–9401.
85.
ChenC.EvenM.A.ChenZ.“Detecting Molecular-Level Chemical Structure and Group Orientation of Amphiphilic PEO–PPO–PEO Copolymers at Solution/Air and Solid/Solution Interfaces by SFG Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Macromolecules. 2003. 36(12): 4478–4484.
86.
ShiQ.YeS.KristalynC.et al.“Probing Molecular-Level Surface Structures of Polyethersulfone/Pluronic F127 Blends Using Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Langmuir. 2008. 24(15): 7939–7946.
87.
WindsorR.NeivandtD.J.DaviesP.B.“Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in the Presence of Poly(ethylenimine) and Sodium Chloride Studied Using Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Langmuir. 2001. 17(23): 7306–7312.
88.
WindsorR.NeivandtD.J.DaviesP.B.“Temperature and Ph Effects on the Coadsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Poly(ethylenimine)”. Langmuir. 2002. 18(6): 2199–2204.
89.
BeamanD.K.RobertsonE.J.RichmondG.L.“Unique Assembly of Charged Polymers at the Oil− Water Interface”. Langmuir. 2011. 27(6): 2104–2106.
90.
BeamanD.K.RobertsonE.J.RichmondG.L.“Ordered Polyelectrolyte Assembly at the Oil–Water Interface”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012. 109(9): 3226–3231.
91.
RobertsonE.J.CarpenterA.P.OlsonC.M.et al.“Metal Ion Induced Adsorption and Ordering of Charged Macromolecules at the Aqueous/Hydrophobic Liquid Interface”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2014. 118(28): 15260–15273.
92.
RobertsonE.J.RichmondG.L.“Molecular Insights in the Structure and Layered Assembly of Polyelectrolytes at the Oil/Water Interface”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2014. 118(49): 28331–28343.
93.
LiuX.LengC.YuL.et al.“Ion-Specific Oil Repellency of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers in Water: Molecular Insights into the Hydrophilicity of Charged Surfaces”. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015. 54(16): 4851–4856.
94.
YangC.S.-C.WilsonP.T.RichterL.J.“Structure of Polystyrene at the Interface with Various Liquids”. Macromolecules. 2004. 37(20): 7742–7746.
95.
LuX.LiD.KristalynC.B.et al.“Directly Probing Molecular Ordering at the Buried Polymer/Metal Interface”. Macromolecules. 2009. 42(22): 9052–9057.
96.
LuX.XueG.WangX.et al.“Directly Probing Molecular Ordering at the Buried Polymer/Metal Interface 2: Using P-Polarized Input Beams”. Macromolecules. 2012. 45(15): 6087–6094.
97.
LuX.LiB.ZhuP.et al.“Illustrating Consistency of Different Experimental Approaches to Probe the Buried Polymer/Metal Interface Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Soft Matter. 2014. 10(29): 5390–5397.
98.
BackusE.H.Garcia-AraezN.BonnM.et al.“On the Role of Fresnel Factors in Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of Metal–Water and Metal–Oxide–Water Interfaces”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2012. 116(44): 23351–23361.
99.
LuX.MyersJ.N.ChenZ.“Molecular Ordering of Phenyl Groups at the Buried Polystyrene/Metal Interface”. Langmuir. 2014. 30(31): 9418–9422.
100.
MaiaF.C.MirandaP.B.“Molecular Ordering of Conjugated Polymers at Metallic Interfaces Probed by SFG Vibrational Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015. 119(13): 7386–7399.
101.
MyersJ.N.ZhangX.XiuY.et al.“Nondestructive Characterization of Molecular Structures at Buried Copper/Epoxy Interfaces and Their Relationship to Locus of Failure Analysis”. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. 2015. 5(10): 1432–1440.
102.
ZhangC.ChenZ.“Probing Molecular Structures of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) at Buried Interfaces in Situ”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013. 117(8): 3903–3914.
103.
ChenC.LochC.L.WangJ.et al.“Different Molecular Structures at Polymer/Silane Interfaces Detected by SFG”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2003. 107(38): 10440–10445.
104.
ChenC.WangJ.LochC.L.et al.“Demonstrating the Feasibility of Monitoring the Molecular-Level Structures of Moving Polymer/Silane Interfaces During Silane Diffusion Using SFG”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004. 126(4): 1174–1179.
105.
LochC.L.AhnD.VázquezA.V.et al.“Diffusion of One or More Components of a Silane Adhesion-Promoting Mixture into Poly(methyl methacrylate)”. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007. 308(1): 170–175.
106.
LochC.L.AhnD.ChenC.et al.“Sum Frequency Generation Studies at Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)/Silane Interfaces: Hydrogen Bond Formation and Molecular Conformation Determination”. Langmuir. 2004. 20(13): 5467–5473.
107.
LochC.L.AhnD.ChenZ.“Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies on a Silane Adhesion-Promoting Mixture at a Polymer Interface”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2006. 110(2): 914–918.
108.
VázquezA.V.ShephardN.E.SteineckerC.L.et al.“Understanding Molecular Structures of Silanes at Buried Polymer Interfaces Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy and Relating Interfacial Structures to Polymer Adhesion”. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009. 331(2): 408–416.
109.
ZhangC.ChenZ.“Quantitative Molecular Level Understanding of Ethoxysilane at Poly (Dimethylsiloxane)/Polymer Interfaces”. Langmuir. 2012. 29(2): 610–619.
110.
ZhangX.MyersJ.N.BielefeldJ.D.et al.“In Situ Observation of Water Behavior at the Surface and Buried Interface of a Low-k Dielectric Film”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2014. 6(21): 18951–18961.
111.
MyersJ.N.ZhangX.BielefeldJ.et al.“Nondestructive in Situ Characterization of Molecular Structures at the Surface and Buried Interface of Silicon-Supported Low-k Dielectric Films”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2015. 119(4): 1736–1746.
112.
MyersJ.N.ZhangX.BielefeldJ.D.et al.“Plasma Treatment Effects on Molecular Structures at Dense and Porous Low-k SiCOH Film Surfaces and Buried Interfaces”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015. 119(39): 22514–22525.
113.
VázquezA.V.HoldenB.KristalynC.et al.“Surface and Buried Interfacial Structures of Epoxy Resins Used as Underfills Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2011. 3(5): 1640–1651.
114.
ZhangC.HankettJ.ChenZ.“Molecular Level Understanding of Adhesion Mechanisms at the Epoxy/Polymer Interfaces”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2012. 4(7): 3730–3737.
MyersJ.N.ChenZ.“Surface Plasma Treatment Effects on the Molecular Structure at Polyimide/Air and Buried Polyimide/Epoxy Interfaces”. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2015. 26(4): 449–454.
117.
MyersJ.N.ZhangC.LeeK.-W.et al.“Hygrothermal Aging Effects on Buried Molecular Structures at Epoxy Interfaces”. Langmuir. 2013. 30(1): 165–171.
118.
UlrichN.W.MyersJ.N.ChenZ.“Characterization of Polymer/Epoxy Buried Interfaces with Silane Adhesion Promoters before and after Hygrothermal Aging for the Elucidation of Molecular Level Details Relevant to Adhesion”. RSC Adv. 2015. 5(128): 105622–105631.
119.
ZhouJ.Anim-DansoE.ZhangY.et al.“Interfacial Water at Polyurethane–Sapphire Interface”. Langmuir. 2015. 31(45): 12401–12407.
120.
LengC.LiuY.JenkinsC.et al.“Interfacial Structure of a DOPA-Inspired Adhesive Polymer Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Langmuir. 2013. 29(22): 6659–6664.
121.
LachatV.VarshneyV.DhinojwalaA.et al.“Molecular Origin of Solvent Resistance of Polyacrylonitrile”. Macromolecules. 2009. 42(18): 7103–7107.
122.
ShimomuraS.InutsukaM.TajimaK.et al.“Stabilization of Polystyrene Thin Films by Introduction of a Functional End Group”. Polym. J. 201648, 949–953.
123.
TsurutaH.FujiiY.KaiN.et al.“Local Conformation and Relaxation of Polystyrene at Substrate Interface”. Macromolecules. 2012. 45(11): 4643–4649.
124.
WilsonP.T.BriggmanK.A.WallaceW.E.et al.“Selective Study of Polymer/Dielectric Interfaces with Vibrationally Resonant Sum Frequency Generation Via Thin-Film Interference”. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002. 80(17): 3084–3086.
125.
LiG.DhinojwalaA.YeganehM.S.“Interference Effect from Buried Interfaces Investigated by Angular-Dependent Infrared− Visible Sum Frequency Generation Technique”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011. 115(15): 7554–7561.
126.
HarpG.P.GautamK.S.DhinojwalaA.“Probing Polymer/Polymer Interfaces”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002. 124(27): 7908–7909.
127.
HarpG.P.RangwallaH.YeganehM.S.et al.“Infrared-Visible Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopic Study of Molecular Orientation at Polystyrene/Comb-Polymer Interfaces”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003. 125(37): 11283–11290.
128.
LiuY.MessmerM.C.“Molecular Orientation at the Interface of Polystyrene/Poly (methyl methacrylate) Blends: Evidence from Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002. 124(33): 9714–9715.
129.
WeiX.ZhuangX.HongS.-C.et al.“Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of a Rubbed Polymer Surface”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999. 82: 4256.
130.
Oh-EM.LvovskyA.I.WeiX.et al.“Nonlinear Optical Studies of Surface Structures of Rubbed Polyimides and Adsorbed Liquid Crystal Monolayers”. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2001. 364(1): 427–434.
131.
PagliusiP.ChenC.ShenY.“Molecular Orientation and Alignment of Rubbed Poly (Vinyl Cinnamate) Surfaces”. J. Chem. Phys. 2006. 125(20): 201104.
132.
YurdumakanB.NanjundiahK.DhinojwalaA.“Origin of Higher Friction for Elastomers Sliding on Glassy Polymers”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2007. 111(2): 960–965.
133.
NanjundiahK.HsuP.Y.DhinojwalaA.“Understanding Rubber Friction in the Presence of Water Using Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. J. Chem. Phys. 2009. 130(2): 024702.
134.
DhopatkarN.DefanteA.P.DhinojwalaA.“Ice-Like Water Supports Hydration Forces and Eases Sliding Friction”. Sci. Adv. 2016. 2(8): e1600763, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600763.
ZhangC.HongS.-C.JiN.et al.“Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of Surface Glass Transition of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)”. Macromolecules. 2003. 36(9): 3303–3306.
137.
SchwabA.D.DhinojwalaA.“Relaxation of a Rubbed Polystyrene Surface”. Phys. Rev. E. 200367, 021802.
138.
AnglinT.C.O’BrienD.B.MassariA.M.“Monitoring the Charge Accumulation Process in Polymeric Field-Effect Transistors Via in Situ Sum Frequency Generation”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010. 114(41): 17629–17637.
139.
YeH.Abu-AkeelA.HuangJ.et al.“Probing Organic Field Effect Transistors in Situ During Operation Using SFG”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006. 128(20): 6528–6529.
140.
AnglinT.C.SperosJ.C.MassariA.M.“Interfacial Ring Orientation in Polythiophene Field-Effect Transistors on Functionalized Dielectrics”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011. 115(32): 16027–16036.
141.
DharP.KhlyabichP.P.BurkhartB.et al.“Annealing-Induced Changes in the Molecular Orientation of Poly-3-Hexylthiophene at Buried Interfaces”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013. 117(29): 15213–15220.
142.
AnglinT.C.LaneA.P.MassariA.M.“Real-Time Structural Evolution at the Interface of an Organic Transistor During Thermal Annealing”. J. Mat. Chem. C. 2014. 2(17): 3390–3400.
143.
XiaoM.ZhangX.BryanZ.J.et al.“Effect of Solvent on Surface Ordering of Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Films”. Langmuir. 2015. 31(18): 5050–5056.
144.
XiaoM.JasenskyJ.ZhangX.et al.“Influence of the Side Chain and Substrate on Polythiophene Thin Film Surface, Bulk, and Buried Interfacial Structures”. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016. 18(32): 22089–22099.
145.
XiaoM.JogelkarS.ZhangX.et al.“Effect of Interfacial Molecular Orientation on Power Conversion Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017. 139(9): 3378–3386.
146.
AnglinT.C.SohrabpourZ.MassariA.M.“Nonlinear Spectroscopic Markers of Structural Change During Charge Accumulation in Organic Field-Effect Transistors”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011. 115(41): 20258–20266.
147.
KearnsP.M.O’BrienD.B.MassariA.M.“Optical Interference Enhances Nonlinear Spectroscopic Sensitivity: When Light Gives You Lemons, Model Lemonade”. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015. 7(1): 62–68.
148.
LiY.WangJ.XiongW.“Probing Electronic Structures of Organic Semiconductors at Buried Interfaces by Electronic Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015. 119(50): 28083–28089.
149.
RaschkeM.HayashiM.LinS.et al.“Doubly-Resonant Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy for Surface Studies”. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002. 359(5–6): 367–372.
150.
BussonB.TadjeddineA.“Chiral Specificity of Doubly Resonant Sum-Frequency Generation in an Anisotropic Thin Film”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010. 114(49): 21891–21891.
151.
LiQ.KuoC.W.YangZ.et al.“Surface-Enhanced IR–Visible Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009. 11(18): 3436–3442.
152.
StiopkinI.V.JayathilakeH.D.BordenyukA.N.et al.“Heterodyne-Detected Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008. 130(7): 2271–2275.
153.
VanselousH.PetersenP.B.“Extending the Capabilities of Heterodyne-Detected Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy: Probing Any Interface in Any Polarization Combination”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2016. 120(15): 8175–8184.
154.
LüR.GanW.WangH.“Novel Method for Accurate Determination of the Orientational Angle of Interfacial Chemical Groups”. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2003. 48(20): 2183–2187.
155.
WangH.-F.GanW.LuR.et al.“Quantitative Spectral and Orientational Analysis in Surface Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy (SFG-VS)”. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2005. 24(2): 191–256.
156.
BonnM.UebaH.WolfM.“Theory of Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Molecules Using the Density Matrix Method—Broadband Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation and Applications”. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 2005. 17(8): S201.
157.
Guyot-SionnestP.“Coherent Processes at Surfaces: Free-Induction Decay and Photon Echo of the Si–H Stretching Vibration for H/Si (111)”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991. 66: 1489.
158.
ZhuH.JhaK.C.BhattaR.S.et al.“Molecular Structure of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Surface. I. Combination of Interface-Sensitive Infrared–Visible Sum Frequency Generation, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Ab Initio Calculations”. Langmuir. 2014. 30(39): 11609–11618.
159.
JhaK.C.ZhuH.DhinojwalaA.et al.“Molecular Structure of Poly (methyl methacrylate) Surface II: Effect of Stereoregularity Examined through All-Atom Molecular Dynamics”. Langmuir. 2014. 30(43): 12775–12785.
160.
LeeC.M.ChenX.WeissP.A.et al.“Quantum Mechanical Calculations of Vibrational Sum-Frequency-Generation (SFG) Spectra of Cellulose: Dependence of the Ch and Oh Peak Intensity on the Polarity of Cellulose Chains within the SFG Coherence Domain”. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016. 8(1): 55–60.
161.
ZhangC.JasenskyJ.LengC.et al.“Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies on Buried Heterogeneous Biointerfaces”. Opt. Lett. 2014. 39(9): 2715–2718.
162.
C. Zhang, J. Jasensky, J. Wu, et al. “Combining Surface Sensitive Vibrational Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy to Study Biological Interfaces”. Proc. SPIE 8947, Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues XII, 894712, April 10, 2014; doi:10.1117/12.2040828.
163.
AllgeyerE.S.SterlingS.M.GunewardeneM.S.et al.“Combining Total Internal Reflection Sum Frequency Spectroscopy Spectral Imaging and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy”. Langmuir. 2015. 31(3): 987–994.
164.
CimatuK.A.BaldelliS.“Sum Frequency Generation Imaging Microscopy of Co on Platinum”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006. 128(50): 16016–16017.
165.
CimatuK.A.BaldelliS.“Chemical Microscopy of Surfaces by Sum Frequency Generation Imaging”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2009. 113(38): 16575–16588.
166.
CimatuK.BaldelliS.“Chemical Imaging of Corrosion: Sum Frequency Generation Imaging Microscopy of Cyanide on Gold at the Solid−Liquid Interface”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008. 130(25): 8030–8037.
167.
CaiX.HuB.SunT.et al.“Sum Frequency Generation-Compressive Sensing Microscope”. J. Chem. Phys. 2011. 135(19): 194202.
168.
ZhengD.LuL.LiY.et al.“Compressive Broad-Band Hyperspectral Sum Frequency Generation Microscopy to Study Functionalized Surfaces”. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016. 7(10): 1781–1787.
169.
RaghunathanV.HanY.KorthO.et al.“Rapid Vibrational Imaging with Sum Frequency Generation Microscopy”. Opt. Lett. 2011. 36(19): 3891–3893.
170.
LeeC.M.KafleK.HuangS.et al.“Multimodal Broadband Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation (MM-BB-V-SFG) Spectrometer and Microscope”. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2015. 120(1): 102–116.
171.
BaioJ.E.WeidnerT.RameyD.et al.“Probing the Orientation of Electrostatically Immobilized Cytochrome C. by Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. Biointerphases. 2013. 8: 18.
ZhangC.WangJ.JasenskyJ.et al.“Molecular Orientation Analysis of Alkyl Methylene Groups from Quantitative Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy”. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015. 6(8): 1369–1374.
174.
XiongW.LaaserJ.E.MehlenbacherR.D.et al.“Adding a Dimension to the Infrared Spectra of Interfaces Using Heterodyne Detected 2d Sum-Frequency Generation (HD 2D SFG) Spectroscopy”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011. 108(52): 20902–20907.
175.
LaaserJ.E.SkoffD.R.HoJ.-J.et al.“Two-Dimensional Sum-Frequency Generation Reveals Structure and Dynamics of a Surface-Bound Peptide”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014. 136(3): 956–962.
176.
GhoshA.HoJ.-J.SerranoA.L.et al.“Two-Dimensional Sum-Frequency Generation (2D SFG) Spectroscopy: Summary of Principles and Its Application to Amyloid Fiber Monolayers”. Faraday Discuss. 2015. 177: 493–505.
177.
Rocha-MendozaI.YankelevichD.R.WangM.et al.“Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy: The Molecular Origins of the Optical Second-Order Nonlinearity of Collagen”. Biophys. J. 2007. 93(12): 4433–4444.
178.
HowellC.SchmidtR.KurzV.et al.“Sum-Frequency-Generation Spectroscopy of DNA Films in Air and Aqueous Environments”. Biointerphases. 2008. 3(3): FC47–FC51.
179.
SartenaerY.TourillonG.DreesenL.et al.“Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of DNA Monolayers”. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007. 22(9–10): 2179–2183.
180.
FuL.MaG.YanE.C.“In Situ Misfolding of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide at Interfaces Probed by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010. 132(15): 5405–5412.
181.
XiaoD.FuL.LiuJ.et al.“Amphiphilic Adsorption of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregates to Lipid/Aqueous Interfaces”. J. Mol. Biol. 2012. 421(4–5): 537–547.
182.
YanE.C.FuL.WangZ.et al.“Biological Macromolecules at Interfaces Probed by Chiral Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy”. Chem. Rev. 2014. 114(17): 8471–8498.
183.
DingB.JasenskyJ.LiY.et al.“Engineering and Characterization of Peptides and Proteins at Surfaces and Interfaces: A Case Study in Surface-Sensitive Vibrational Spectroscopy”. Acc. Chem. Res. 2016. 49(6): 1149–1157.
184.
Anim-DansoE.ZhangY.DhinojwalaA.“Surface Charge Affects the Structure of Interfacial Ice”. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2016. 120(7): 3741–3748.
185.
KhatibR.BackusE.H.BonnM.et al.“Water Orientation and Hydrogen-Bond Structure at the Fluorite/Water Interface”. Sci. Rep. 2016. 6: 24287, doi:10.1038/srep24287.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
