Measurement of bone strontium (Sr) is vital to determining the effectiveness of Sr supplementation, which is commonly used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Previous technology uses radioisotope sources and bulky equipment to measure bone Sr. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for bone Sr measurement and validates it using data from a population of 238 children. We identified correlations between bone Sr and age in our participants.
CabreraW.E.SchrootenI.De BroeM.E.D’HaeseP.C.“Strontium and Bone”. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1999. 14(5): 661–668.
2.
DahlS.G.AllainP.MarieP.J.MaurasY.BoivinG.AmmannP.et al.“Incorporation and Distribution of Strontium in Bone”. Bone. 2001. 28(4): 446–453.
3.
FarlayD.BoivinG.PanczerG.LalandeA.MeunierP.J.“Long-Term Strontium Ranelate Administration in Monkeys Preserves Characteristics of Bone Mineral Crystals and Degree of Mineralization of Bone”. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2005. 20(9): 1569–1578.
4.
MeunierP.J.RouxC.SeemanE.OrtolaniS.BadurskiJ.E.et al.“The Effects of Strontium Ranelate on the Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis”. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004. 350(5): 459–468.
5.
ReginsterJ.Y.SeemanE.De VernejoulM.C.AdamiS.CompstonJ.et al.“Strontium Ranelate Reduces the Risk of Nonvertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (Tropos) Study”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005. 90(5): 2816–2822.
6.
LiC.ParisO.SiegelS.RoschgerP.PaschalisE.P.et al.“Strontium Is Incorporated into Mineral Crystals Only in Newly Formed Bone During Strontium Ranelate Treatment”. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2010. 25(5): 968–975.
7.
BoivinG.FarlayD.KhebbabM.T.JaurandX.DelmasP.D.et al.“In Osteoporotic Women Treated with Strontium Ranelate, Strontium Is Located in Bone Formed During Treatment with a Maintained Degree of Mineralization”. Osteoporos. Int. 2010. 21(4): 667–677.
8.
OzgürS.SümerH.KoçoğluG.“Rickets and Soil Strontium”. Arch. Dis. Child. 1996. 75(6): 524–526.
9.
Cohen-SolalM.“Strontium Overload and Toxicity: Impact on Renal Osteodystrophy”. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002. 17(Suppl. 2): 30–34.
10.
Pors NielsenS.“The Biological Role of Strontium”. Bone. 2004. 35(3): 583–588.
11.
ChettleD.R.ScottM.C.SomervailleL.J.“Lead in Bone: Sampling and Quantitation Using K X-rays Excited by 109cd”. Environ. Health Perspect. 1991. 91: 49–55.
12.
ToddA.C.MoshierE.L.CarrollS.CasteelS.W.“Validation of X-ray Fluorescence-Measured Swine Femur Lead against Atomic Absorption Spectrometry”. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001. 109(11): 1115–1119.
13.
Pejović-MilićA.StronachI.M.GyorffyJ.WebberC.E.ChettleD.R.“Quantification of Bone Strontium Levels in Humans by in Vivo X-ray Fluorescence”. Med Phys. 2004. 31(3): 528–538.
14.
NielsenS.P.BärenholdtO.Bärenholdt-SchiølerC.MaurasY.AllainP.“Noninvasive Measurement of Bone Strontium”. J. Clin. Densitom. 2004. 7(3): 262–268.
15.
SpechtA.J.WeisskopfM.NieL.H.“Portable XRF Technology to Quantify Pb in Bone in Vivo”. J. Biomark. 2014. 2014: 398032.
16.
SpechtA.J.LinY.WeisskopfM.YanC.HuH.et al.“XRF-Measured Bone Lead (Pb) as a Biomarker for Pb Exposure and Toxicity among Children Diagnosed with Pb Poisoning”. Biomarkers. 2016. 21: 347–352.
17.
MostafaeiF.McNeillF.E.ChettleD.R.PrestwichW.V.InskipM.“Design of a Phantom Equivalent to Measure Bone-Fluorine in a Human's Hand via Delayed Neutron Activation Analysis”. Physiol. Meas. 2013. 34(5): 503–512.
18.
NieH.SanchezS.NewtonK.GrodzinsL.ClevelandR.O.et al.“In Vivo Quantification of Lead in Bone with a Portable X-ray Fluorescence System: Methodology and Feasibility”. Phys Med Biol. 2011. 56(3): N39–51.
19.
ShrivastavaA.GuptaV.“Methods for the Determination of Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation of the Analytical Methods”. Chron. Young Sci. 2011. 2(1): 21–25.
20.
LeeP.A.“Normal Ages of Pubertal Events among American Males and Females”. J Adolesc. Health Care. 1980. 1(1): 26–29.
21.
ToddA.C.McNeillF.E.FowlerB.A.“In Vivo X-ray Fluorescence of Lead in Bone”. Environ. Res. 1992. 59(2): 326–335.
22.
Pejović-MilićA.BritoJ.A.GyorffyJ.ChettleD.R.“Ultrasound Measurements of Overlying Soft Tissue Thickness at Four Skeletal Sites Suitable for In Vivo X-ray Fluorescence”. Med Phys. 2002. 29(11): 2687–2691.
23.
RosenJ.F.MarkowitzM.E.BijurP.E.JenksS.T.WielopolskiL.et al.“Sequential Measurements of Bone Lead Content by L X-ray Fluorescence in Cana2edta-Treated Lead-Toxic Children”. Environ. Health Perspect. 1991. 93: 271–277.
24.
PopovicM.McNeillF.E.ChettleD.R.WebberC.E.LeeC.V.et al.“Impact of Occupational Exposure on Lead Levels in Women”. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005. 113(4): 478–484.
25.
MostafaeiF.McNeillF.E.ChettleD.R.WainmanB.C.PidrucznyA.E.et al.“Measurements of Fluorine in Contemporary Urban Canadians: A Comparison of the Levels Found in Human Bone Using In Vivo and Ex Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis”. Physiol. Meas. 2015. 36(3): 465–487.
