Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Two-dimensional color CMOS cameras have become ubiquitous. They promise to support ubiquitous spectrometry. When raw illumination levels can be measured by such cameras, their use for spectrometry depends on using as many pixels as possible and on being able to calibrate images at point-of-use. Stacked, mutually rotated transmission diffraction gratings provide a means to generate multi-order, wide dynamic range dispersed visible spectra suitable for absorption, reflection, and fluorescence spectrometry. The theoretical basis for dispersion, resolution, and normalization of such spectra are derived, and initial characterization is reported.

Keywords

Transmission grating visible absorption spectrometry fluorescence spectrometry reflectance spectrometry instrument design array detector

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

S.X. Wang, X.J. Zhou. “Spectroscopic Sensor on Mobile Phone”. 2008. US patent 7,420,663.

M. Nelson. “WinSpec: CCD Spectrometer on a Budget”. 2010. http://www.materialintelligencellc.com/mitchnelson/WinSpec/ [October 9 2013].

Field

S.Q.

. “High Resolution Spectrograph”. Make 2010; 24: 58–61.

A. Scheeline. “Is ‘Good Enough’ Good Enough for Portable Visible and Near-Visible Spectrometry?” In: M.A. Druy, R.A. Crocombe, D.P. Bannon, editors. Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies VIII. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 2015. Pp. 94820H–1–94820H–9.

Tan

Cunningham

B.T.

. “Smartphone Fluorescence Spectroscopy”. Anal. Chem 2014; 86(17): 8805–8813.

Erickson

O’Dell

Jiang

Oncescu

Gumus

Lee

Mancuso

Mehta

. “Smartphone Technology Can Be Transformative to the Deployment of Lab-on-chip Diagnostics”. Lab Chip 2014; 14(17): 3159–3164.

Oncescu

Mancuso

Erickson

. “Cholesterol Testing on a Smart Phone”. Lab Chip 2014; 14(4): 759–763.

Lopez-Ruiz

Curto

V.F.

Erenas

M.M.

Benito-Lopez

Diamond

Palma

A.J.

Capitan-Vallvey

L.F.

. “Smartphone-Based Simultaneous pH and Nitrite Colorimetric Determination for Paper Microfluidic Devices”. Anal. Chem 2014; 86(19): 9554–9562.

Ozcan

. “Mobile Phones Democratize and Cultivate Next-generation Imaging, Diagnostics and Measurement Tools”. Lab Chip 2014; 14(17): 3187–3194.

10.

Asheim

Kvittingen

E.K.

Kvittingen

Verley

. “A Simple, Small-Scale Lego Colorimeter with a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Used as Detector”. J. Chem. Educ 2014; 91(7): 1037–1039.

11.

A. Scheeline, T.A. Bui. “Energy Dispersion Device”. 2014. U. S. Patent 8,885,161.

12.

Scheeline

. “Teaching in Hanoi: Good Mornings in Vietnam”. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2010; 398(7): 2751–2753.

13.

Scheeline

“Spectrometry with Consumer-quality CMOS Cameras”. In: Rasooly

Herold

K.E.

(eds). (m)Health: Mobile Health Care Technologies, New York: Humana Press, 2015, pp. 259–275.

14.

K.D. Kelley, A. Scheeline. “Cell Phone Spectrophotometer”. J. Anal. Sci. Digit. Lib. 2009. Entry 10059.

15.

Scheeline

. “Focal Point: Teaching, Learning, and Using Spectroscopy with Commercial, Off-the-Shelf Technology”. Appl. Spectrosc 2010; 64(9): 256A–268A.

16.

Scheeline

Bui

T.A.

. “Portable Spectrometry: Making Good Use of CMOS Detectors”, Milwaukee, WI: SCiX/FACSS, 2013.

17.

A. Hoyle. “What You Need to Know About Shooting Raw Images on Your Phone”. cNet. 2015. http://www.cnet.com/news/what-you-need-to-know-about-shooting-raw-images-on-your-phone/ [accessed May 10 2015].

18.

Ives

H.E.

. “Note on the Location of the Spectrum Formed by a Plane Transmission Grating”. J. Opt. Soc. Am 1917; 1: 172–176.

19.

“Refractive Index of PET, Estar, Melinex, Mylar”. http://www.filmetrics.com/refractive-index-database/PET/Estar-Melinex-Mylar [accessed Jan 1 2015].

20.

C. Palmer. “The Physics of Diffraction Gratings”. In: Handbook of Diffraction Gratings, 5th ed. 2002. http://www.cientificosaficionados.com/libros/Diffraction Grating Handbook.pdf [accessed May 5 2014].

21.

Harvey

Vernold

C.L.

. “Description of Diffraction Grating Behavior in Direction Cosine Space”. Appl. Opt 1998; 37(34): 8158–8160.

22.

Beaty

J.S.

. Standard Procedure for Line Analysis, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1972.

23.

Sadler

D.A.

Littlejohn

Perkins

C.V.

. “An Automatic Wavelength Calibration Procedure for use with an Optical Spectrometer and Array Detector”. J. Anal. Atom. Spec 1995; 10(3): 253–257.

24.

Hsu

W.-H.

Sainz

M.A.

Coleman

D.M.

. “An Aberration-corrected Time- and Spatially-resolved Spectrometer for Studies of Transient Discharges”. Spectrochim. Acta 1989; 44B(1): 109–121.

25.

Miller

D.L.

Scheeline

. “A Computer Program for the Collection, Reduction, and Analysis of Echelle Spectra”. Spectrochim. Acta 1993; 48B: E1053–E1062.

26.

Wang

Son

Chen

Laney

S.R.

. “Correcting Temperature Dependence in Minature Spectrometers Used in Cold Polar Environments”. Appl. Opt 2015; 54(11): 3162–3172.

27.

Farnsworth

P.B.

Walters

J.P.

. “Instrumental System for Multidimensional Spectroscopic Characterization of a Radio Frequency Boosted, Pulsed Hollow Cathode Lamp”. Anal. Chem 1982; 54(6): 885–890.

28.

Ingle

J.D.

Crouch

S.R.

. Spectrochemical Analysis, New York: Benjamin Press, 1988.

29.

Skoog

D.A.

Holler

F.J.

Crouch

S.R.

. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education, 2007.

30.

D. Harvey. “Analytical Chemistry 2.0: An Electronic Textbook for Introductory Courses in Analytical Chemistry”. 2009. http://acad.depauw.edu/harvey_web/eText%20Project/AnalyticalChemistry2.0.html [accessed Nov 19 2015].

31.

“5mm LED RL5-W5020 Specifications”. 2009. http://www.superbrightleds.com/cgi-bin/store/index.cgi?action=DispPage&Page2Disp=/specs/w2_specs.htm [accessed Oct 15 2015].

32.

Omnivision. “OV2640 Color CMOS UXGA (2.0 Megapixel) CameraChip(TM) with OmniPixel2 Technology Advanced Information Preliminary Datasheet”. 2006. http://www.uctronics.com/download/cam_module/OV2640DS.pdf [accessed Jul 14 2015].

33.

“E158-86: Standard Practice for Fundamental Calculations to Convert Intensities into Concentrations in Optical Emission Spectrochemical Analysis”. In: S.P. Canning, P.C. Fazio, D. Fisher, E.L. Gutman, C.T. Hsia, S.L. Kauffman, J. Kramer, M. Lane, C.M. Leinweber, P.A. McGee, editors. Annual Book of Standards V. 3.06: Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy; Surface Analysis. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1991. Pp. 104–117.

34.

van Veen

E.H.

de Loos-Vollebregt

M.T.C.

. “Kalman Filtering for Data Reduction in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry”. Anal. Chem 1991; 63(14): 1441–1448.

35.

Sadler

D.A.

Littlejohn

. “Use of Multiple Emission Lines and Principal Component Regression for Quantitative Analysis in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry with Charge Coupled Device Detection”. J. Anal. At. Spectrosc 1996; 11(11): 1105–1112.

36.

Gehm

M.E.

McCain

S.T.

Pitsianis

N.P.

Brady

D.J.

Potuluri

Sullivan

M.E.

. “Static Two-dimensional Aperture Coding for Multimodal, Multiplex Spectroscopy”. Appl. Opt 2006; 45(13): 2965–2974.

37.

Wagadarikar

A.A.

Gehm

M.E.

Brady

D.J.

. “Performance Comparison of Aperture Codes for Multimodal, Multiplex Spectroscopy”. Appl. Opt 2007; 46(22): 4932–4942.

38.

Guo

Adato

Brady

D.J.

. “Single-shot Subpixel Response Measurement with an Aperture Array Pixel Mask”. Opt. Lett 2006; 31(23): 3441–3443.

39.

D.J. Brady, M.E. Gehm. “Spatially-registered Wavelength Coding”. 2010. U.S. Patent 7,773,218.

40.

D.J. Brady, M.E. Sullivan. “Methods and Systems for Static Multiplex Spectroscopy”. 2006. U.S. Patent 7,092,101.

41.

Brady

D.J.

Gehm

M.E.

Pitsianis

Sun

. “Compressive Sampling Strategies for Integrated Microspectrometers”. Proc. SPIE 2006; 6232: 62320C.

42.

Wagadarikar

John

Willett

Brady

D.J.

. “Single Disperser Design for Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging”. Appl. Opt 2008; 47: B44–B51.

43.

D.J. Brady, S.T. McCain, M.E. Gehm, M.E. Sullivan, P. Potuluri. “Static Two-dimensional Aperture Coding for Multimodal Multiplex Spectroscopy”. 2009. U.S. Patent 7,505,130.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

3.75 MB

0.39 MB

Stacked,Mutually Rotated Diffraction Gratings as Enablers of Portable Visible Spectrometry

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material