Eliciting vocalization in anesthetized dogs by midbrain stimulation is a useful procedure for studies of laryngeal and respiratory physiology. The goal of this report has been to construct a canine stereotaxic “map” that would allow investigators to locate midbrain stimulus sites producing vocalization. Motor responses to electrical stimulation at currents of 1.5 mA or less were observed at 1,158 stimulus sites throughout the midbrains of 8 dogs. Vocalization was observed at 213 stimulus sites. The highest probability of observing vocalization was for sites located 6 to 10 mm anterior, 6 to 7 mm lateral, and 5 to 8 mm dorsal to earbar zero. The vocalization region most likely consists of axons arising in the midbrain periaqueductal gray and coursing through the adjacent tegmentum; low-threshold sites are close to the medial lemniscus. The relationship between stimulus sites at which vocalization was elicited and sites producing other motor responses is described.
JürgensUPloogD. Cerebral representation of vocalization in the squirrel monkey. Exp Brain Res1970;10: 532–54.
2.
JürgensURichterK. Glutamate-induced vocalization in the squirrel monkey. Brain Res1986;373: 349–58.
3.
LarsonCR. On the relation of PAG neurons to laryngeal and respiratory muscles during vocalization in the monkey. Brain Res1991;552: 77–86.
4.
MagounHWAtlasDIngersollEHRansonSW. Associated facial, vocal and respiratory components of emotional expression: an experimental study. J Neurophysiol1937;17: 241–55.
5.
BandlerRJ. Induction of “rage” following microinjections of glutamate into midbrain but not hypothalamus of cats. Neurosci Lett1982;30: 183–8.
6.
DavisPJZhangSPBandlerR. Pulmonary and upper airway afferent influences on the motor pattern of vocalization evoked by excitation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the cat. Brain Res1993;607: 61–80.
7.
de MolinaAFHunspergerRW. Central representation of affective reactions in forebrain and brainstem: electrical stimulation of amygdala, stria terminalis, and adjacent structures. J Physiol (Lond)1959;145: 251–65.
8.
de LanerolleNC. A pontine call site in the domestic cat: behavior and neural pathways. Neuroscience1990;37: 201–14.
9.
KanaiTWangSC. Localization of the central vocalization mechanism in the brainstem of the cat. Exp Neurol1962;6: 426–34.
10.
SolomonNPGrayhackJPLiuKLuscheiES. Patterns of laryngeal and respiratory activation during elicited phonation [Abstract]. ASHA1992;34: 175.
11.
ZhangSPDavisPJBandlerRCarriveP. Brain stem integration of vocalization: role of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. J Neurophysiol1994;72: 1337–56.
12.
YajimaYHayashiY. Ambiguus motoneurons discharging synchronously with ultrasonic vocalization in rats. Exp Brain Res1983;50: 359–66.
13.
MartinJR. Motivated behaviors elicited from hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). J Comp Physiol Psychol1976;90: 1011–34.
14.
SchullerGRadtke-SchullerS. Neural control of vocalization in bats: mapping of brainstem areas with electrical microstimulation eliciting species-specific echolocation calls in the rufous horseshoe bat. Exp Brain Res1990;79: 192–206.
15.
SugaNSchlegelPShimozawaTSimmonsJ. Orientation sounds evoked from echolocating bats by electrical stimulation of the brain. J Acoust Soc Am1973;54: 793–7.
16.
HsiaoT-YSolomonNPLuscheiES. Effect of subglottic pressure on fundamental frequency of the canine larynx with active muscle tensions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1994;103: 817–21.
17.
SolomonNPLuscheiSELiuK. Fundamental frequency and tracheal pressure during three types of vocalizations elicited from anesthetized dogs. J Voice1995;9: 403–12.
18.
HsiaoTYFuTCTanCTLeeSY. An in vivo canine model for the study of phonation physiology by midbrain stimulation. J Formos Med Assoc1994;93: 475–80.
19.
HastMH. The primate larynx. A comparative physiological study of intrinsic muscles. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1969;67: 84–92.
20.
KuritaSNagataKHiranoM. A comparative study of the laryngeal structure of the vocal fold. In: BlessDMAbbsCH, eds. Vocal fold physiology. San Diego, Calif: College-Hill Press, 1983: 3–21.
BerkeGSMooreDMHantkeDRHansonDGGerrattBRBursteinF. Laryngeal modeling: theoretical, in vitro, in vivo. Laryngoscope1987;97: 871–81.
23.
HiranoM. Morphological structure of the vocal cord as a vibrator and its variations. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 1974;26: 89–94.
24.
van den BergJ. Subglottal pressure and vibrations of the vocal folds. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 1957;9: 65–71.
25.
JürgensUPrattR. Role of periaqueductal gray in vocal expression of emotion. Brain Res1979;167: 367–78.
26.
Dua-SharmaSDSharmaKNJacobsHL, eds. The canine brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1970.
27.
HolstegeG. Anatomical study of the final common pathway for vocalization in the cat. J Comp Neurol1989;284: 242–52.
28.
de LanerolleNCLangFF. Functional neural pathways for vocalization in the domestic cat. In: NewmanJD, ed. The physiological control of mammalian vocalization. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1988: 21–41.
29.
LuscheiES. Central projections of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve: an autoradiographic study. J Comp Neurol1987;263: 137–45.
