7. Treatment

Pukander J Paloheimo SH . Cefatamet pivoxil syrup (Ro 15-8075.) in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 248–51.

Qvarnberg Y Sipila P Thoroddsen E . The efficacy and safety of loracarbef vs. amoxicillin in the treatment of bacterial acute otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 252–4.

Cohen R de al Rocque F Bouhanna A . Randomized study of cefatrizine versus cefaclor in conjunctivitis otitis syndrome. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1990; 38: 517–20.

Lenarz T . Chemotherapy of otitis media with ofloxacin. Drugs 1987; 34(supp1 1): 139–43.

Stephenson JS Martin D Kardatzke D Bluestone CD . Prevalence of bacteria in middle ear effusion for the 80's. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 389–92.

Van Hare GF Shurin PA Marchant CD . Acute otitis media caused by Branhamella catarrhalis: biology and therapy. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 16–27.

Carlin SA Marchant CD Shurin PA Johnson CE Murdel-Panek D Barenkamp SJ . Early recurrences of otitis media: reinfection or relapse. J Pediatr 1987; 110: 20–5.

DelBeccaro MA Mendelman PM Inglis AF . Bacteriology of acute otitis media (AOM): A new perspective. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 81–4.

Spika JS Facklam RR Plikaytis BD Oxtoby MJ . Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979–1987. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 1273–8.

Canafax DM Giebink GS Erdmann GR Cipolle RJ Juhn SK . Penetration of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole into the middle ear in experimental otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker, 1988: 219–22.

Canafax DM Nonomura N Erdmann GR Le CT Juhn SK Giebink GS . Experimental animal models for studying antimicrobial pharmacokinetics in otitis media. Pharm Res 1989; 6: 279–85.

Jossart GH Erdmann GR Livett DG . An experimental model for measuring middle ear antimicrobial drug penetration in otitis media. Pharm Res 1990; 7: 1242–7.

Juhn SK Edlin J Jung TTK Giebink GS . The kinetics of penicillin diffusion in serum and middle ear effusions in experimentally induced otitis media. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1986; 243: 183–5.

Coffey JD Jr. Concentration of ampicillin in exudate from acute otitis media. J Pediatr 1968; 72: 693–5.

Ginsburg CM McCracken GH Jr Nelson JD . Pharmacology of oral antibiotics used for treatment of otitis media and tonsillopharyngitis in infants and children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90(supp1 84): 37–43.

Kim HK Cantekin EI Bluestone CD Reilly JS . Pharmacokinetic study of the concentration of amoxicillin in middle ear effusions of children with chronic otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1983; 92(supp1 107): 42–4.

Klimek JJ Nightingale C Lehmann WB Quintiliani R . Comparison of concentrations of amoxicillin and ampicillin in serum and middle ear fluid of children with chronic otitis media. J Infect Dis 1977; 135: 999–1002.

Klimek JJ Bates TR Nightmgale C Lehmann W Ziemniak J Quintiliani R . Penetration characteristics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in middle ear fluid of patients with chronic otitis media. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 1087–9.

Krause PJ Owens NJ Nightingale CH . Penetration of amoxicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin-sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole into the middle ear fluid of patients with chronic otitis media. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 815–21.

Lahikainen EA . Penicillin concentration in middle ear secretion in otitis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1970; 70: 358–62.

Lahikainen EA Vuori M Virtanen S . Azidocillin and ampicillin concentrations in middle ear effusions. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1977; 84: 227–32.

Lildholdt T Cantekin EI Marshak G Bluestone CD Rohn DD Schuit KE . Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in chronic middle ear effusions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90(supp1 84): 44–7.

Lundgren K Ingvarsson L Rundcrantz H . The concentration of penicillin-V in middle ear exudate. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1979; 1: 93–6.

Silverstein H Bernstein JM Lemer PI . Antibiotic concentrations in middle ear effusions. Pediatrics 1966; 38: 33–9.

Sundberg L Eden T Ernstson S Pahlitzsch R . Penetration of erythromycin through respiratory mucosa. A study using secretory otitis media as a model. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1979(suppl 365).

Thorn V . Tissue concentrations of ofloxacin in the middle ear. Clin Ther 1987; 9: 523–7.

Kusmiesz H Shelton S Brown O Manning S Nelson JD . Loracarbef concentrations in middle ear fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 2030–1.

Chonmaitree T Owen MJ Howie VM . Respiratory viruses interfere with bacteriological response to antibiotic in children with acute otitis media. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 546–9.

Bain J Murphy E Ross F . Acute otitis media: clinical course among children who received a short course of high dose antibiotic. Br Med J 1985; 291: 1243–6.

Hendrickse WA Kusmiesz H Shelton S Nelson JD . Five vs. ten days of therapy for acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7: 14–23.

Meistrup-Larsen KI Surenson H Johnsen NJ Thomsen J Mygind N Sederberg-Olsen J . Two versus seven days penicillin treatment for acute otitis media. A placebo controlled trial in children. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983; 96: 99–104.

Kaleida PK Casselbrant ML Rockette HE Johnson CE Super DM . Amoxicillin or myringotomy or both for acute otitis media: results of a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 466–74.

Carlin SA Marchant CD Shurin PA Johnson CE Super DM Rehmus JM . Host factors and early therapeutic response in acute otitis media. J Pediatr 1991; 118: 178–83.

Marchant CD Carlin SA Johnson CE Shurin PA . Measuring the comparative efficacy of antibacterial agents for acute otitis media: the “Pollyanna phenomenon.” J Pediatr 1992;120: 72–7.

Ruuskanen O Arola M Ziegler T . Tympanocentesis in the treatment of acute otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Fifth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1991: 162.

Karma P . Finnish approach to the treatment of acute otitis media. Report of the Finnish consensus conference. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1987; 96(supp1 129): 1–19.

Principi N Marchisio P Massironi E Graso RM Filiberti G . Prophylaxis of recurrent acute otitis media and middle ear effusion. Comparison of amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 1414–8.

Teele DW Wendell PM Pelton SI . Prophylaxis in early infancy for infants at risk for otitis media (OM). In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 276–7.

Healy GB . Antimicrobial therapy for chronic otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker, 1984: 285–7.

Marks NJ Mills RP Shaheen OH . A controlled trial of cotrimoxazole therapy in serous otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 1981; 95: 1003–9.

Schwartz RH Rodriguez WJ . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment of persistent otitis media with effusion. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1982; 1: 333–5.

Giebink GS Batalden PB Le CT Lassman FM Buran DJ Seltz AE . A controlled trial comparing three treatments for chronic otitis media with effusion. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9: 33–40.

Mandel EM Rockette HE Bluestone CD Paradise JL Nozza RL . Efficacy of amoxicillin with and without decongestant-antihistamine for otitis media with effusion in children. Results of a double-blind, randomized trial. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 432–7.

Chan KH Swarts JD Doyle WJ Tanpowpong K Kardatzke DR . Efficacy of a new macrolide (azithromycin) for acute otitis media in the chinchilla model. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 114: 1266–9.

Thomsen J Balle V Sederberg-Olsen J Stangerup S-E Vejlsgaard R . Antibiotic treatment of children with secretory otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 254–6.

Persico M Podoshin L Fradis M . Otitis media with effusion. A steroid and antibiotic therapeutic trial before surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1978; 87: 191–6.

Niederman LG Walter-Buckholtz V Jabalay T . A comparative trial of steroids vs. placebo for treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker, 1984: 273–5.

Berman S Grose K Zerbe GO . Medical management of chronic middle-ear effusion. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 690–4.

Berman S Grose K Nuss R . Management of chronic middle ear effusion with prednisone combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9: 533–8.

Schwartz RH Puglese J Schwartz DM . Use of a short course of prednisone for treating middle ear effusion. A double-blind crossover study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(supp1 68): 296–300.

Macknin ML Jones PK . Oral dexamethasone for treatment of persistent middle ear effusion. Pediatrics 1985; 75: 329–35.

Shapiro CG Bierman CW Furukawa CT . Treatment of persistent eustachian tube dysfunction in children with aerosolized nasal dexamethasone phosphate versus placebo. Ann Allergy 1982; 49: 81–5.

Lildholdt T Kortholm B . Beclomethasone nasal spray in the treatment of middle-ear effusion — a double blind study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1982; 4: 133–7.

Varsano IB Volovitz BM Grossman JE . Effect of naproxen, a prostaglandin inhibitor, on acute otitis media and persistence of middle ear effusion in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98: 389–92.

Fliss DM Dagan R Houri Z Leiberman A . Medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma in children. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 991–6.

Esposito S D'Errico G Montanaro C . Topical and oral treatment of chronic otitis media with ciprofloxacin. A preliminary study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 116: 557–9.

Ostfeld EJ . Biocompatible implantable antimicrobial system (septopal) for management of chronic suppurative otomastoiditis in children who failed systemic antimicrobial administration. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 293–6.

Goycoolea MV Muchow DC Hueb MM Ruah CB . Sustained release of ampicillin in the middle ear using a reconstituted collagen membrane: an experimental study in the cat. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 277–9.

Morizono T . Toxicity of ototopical drugs: animal modeling. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990; 99(supp1 148): 42–5.

Wright GC Meyerhoff WL . Ototopical agents: efficacy or toxicity in humans. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988; 97(supp1 131): 30–2.

Kawauchi H Tanaka T Hon F Kaneda N Mogi G . Pharmaceutical treatment of experimental otitis media with effusion based on its pathogenesis. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 234–7.

Kobayashi T Yaginuma Y Toshima M . Use of surfactant in the treatment of secretory otitis media — a preliminary report. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 286–9.

Mandel EM Rockette HE Bluestone CD Paradise JL Nozza RL . Myringotomy with and without tympanostomy tubes for chronic otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115: 1217–24.

Gates GA Avery CA Prihoda TJ Cooper JC . Effectiveness of adenoidectomy and tympanostomy tubes in the treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1444–51.

Daly KA Giebink GS Margolis RH . Chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) morbidity in a prospective cohort: risk determinants for short term outcomes. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 7–11.

Westover DE Daly KA Margolis RH . Chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) morbidity in a prospective cohort: long-term outcomes and study design implications. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 11–4.

Margolis RH Hunter LL Saupe JR Giebink GS . Effects of otitis media on extended high frequency hearing in children. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 540–3.

Weigel MT Parker MY Goldsmith MM Postma DS Pillsbury HC . A prospective randomized study of four commonly used tympanostomy tubes. Laryngoscope 1989; 99: 252–6.

Moore PJ . Ventilation tube duration versus design. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990; 99: 722–3.

Hall LJ . T-tube with tragus cartilage flange in long term middle ear ventilation. Am J Otol 1990; 11: 454–7.

Hawthorne MR Parker AJ . Perforations of the tympanic membrane following the use of Goode-type “long term” tympanostomy tubes. J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102: 997–9.

Prichard AJN Marshall J Skinner DW Narula AA . Complications of T-tubes in children. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 555–7.

Tos M Stangerup SE . Hearing loss in tympanosclerosis caused by grommets. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck S urg 1989; 115: 931–5.

Gates GA Avery CA Prihoda TJ Holt GR . Post-tympanostomy otorrhea. Laryngoscope 1986; 96: 630–4.

Baker RS Chole RA . A randomized clinical trial of topical gentamicin after tympanostomy tube placement. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 114: 755–7.

Giebink GS Daly K Buran DJ Satz M Ayre T . Predictors for postoperative otorrhea following tympanostomy tube insertion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 118: 491–4.

Gates GA Avery CA Prihoda TJ . Effect of adenoidectomy upon children with chronic otitis media with effusion. Laryngoscope 1988; 98: 58–63.

Maw AR Smith IM Lance GN . Lateral cephalometric analysis of children with otitis media with effusion: a comparison with age and sex matched controls. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105: 71–7.

Takahashi H Fujita A Honjo I . Effect of adenoidectomy on otitis media with effusion, tubal function, and sinusitis. Am J Otolaryngol 1989; 10: 208–13.

Paradise JL Bluestone CD Rogers KD . Efficacy of adenoidectomy for recurrent otitis media in children previously treated with tympanostomy-tube placement. JAMA 1990; 263: 2066–73.

Maw AR Herod F . Otoscopic impedance, and audiometric findings in glue ear treated by adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy. A prospective randomized study. Lancet 1986; 1: 1399–402.

Maw AR Parker A . Surgery of the tonsils and adenoids in relation to secretory otitis media in children. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1988(suppl 454): 202–7.

Black NA Sanderson CFB Freeland AP Vessey MP . A randomized controlled trial of surgery for glue ear. Br Med J 1990; 300: 1551–6.

Kurata K Fujita A Sakakihara J Honjo I . Validity of adenoidectomy for treatment of otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 312–4.

Casselbrant ML Kaleida PH Rockette HE . Efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis and of tympanostomy-tube insertion for prevention of recurrent acute otitis media: results of a randomized clinical trial. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 289–93.

Segal J Ostfeld EJ . Tympanostomy tube insertion in recurrent acute otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 306–9.

Otten FWA Grote JJ . Otitis media with effusion and chronic upper respiratory tract infection in children: a randomized, placebo controlled clinical study. Laryngoscope 1990; 100: 627–33.

Ruben RJ . Human experimentation, surgical innovation and informed consent in pediatric otolaryngology and communicative disorders. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 297–301.

Passamani E . Clinical trials — are they ethical? N Engl J Med 1991;324: 1589–92.

Hellman S Hellman DS . Problems of the randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1585–9.