2. Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Physiology and Pathophysiology

Takahashi H Hayashi M Honji I . Compliance of the eustachian tube in patients with otitis media with effusion. Am J Otolaryngol 1987; 3: 154–6.

Casselbrant ML Cantekin EI Dirkmaat DC Doyle WJ Bluestone CD . Experimental paralysis of tensor veli palatini muscle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988; 106: 178–85.

Hamade E Kinoshita T Tada N Iwano T Ushiro K Kumazawa T . Experimental compliant tube. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 474–6.

Malm L Tjernström O White P Ivarsson A . Effect of body position, epinephrine and a surface-tension-lowering substance on the eustachian tube opening in the rat ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1987;49: 138–44.

White P Hermansson A Svinhufvud M . Effect of surfactant on eustachian tube opening in the rat during inflamed and non-inflamed condition. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 75.

Grace A Kwok P Hawke M . Surfactant in middle ear effusions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 96: 336–40.

Svane-Knudsen V Larsen HF Brask T . Secretory otitis media — a question of surface activity in the eustachian tube? Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988;105: 114–9.

White P . Effect of exogenous surfactant on eustachian tube function in the rat Am J Otolaryngol 1989;10: 301–4.

Huttenbrink KB . The mechanics of the middle ear at astatic air pressures. The role of the ossicular joints, the function of the middle ear muscles and the behavior of stapedial prostheses. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1988(suppl 451).

Okubo J Watanabe T . Physiology and pathophysiology of air-filled ear space and eustachian tube function. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1988; 50: 273–305.

Eden AR Gannon PJ . A specialized innervation of the tensor tympani muscle in Macaca fascicularis. Brain Res 1987;404: 257–62.

Eden AR Latman JT Gannon PJ . Mechanisms of middle ear aeration: anatomic and physiologic evidence in primates. Laryngoscope 1990; 100: 67–75.

Ito J Shohaku O Honjo I . Localization of motoneurons innervating the eustachian tube muscles in cat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987; 104: 108–12.

Morita M Matsunaga T . Effects of an anti-cholinergic on the function of patulous eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1988(suppl 458): 63–6.

Goldie P Hellström S . Autonomic nerves and middle ear fluid production. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988; 106: 10–8.

Uddman R Grunditz T Larsson A Sundler F . Sensory innervation of ear drum and middle ear mucosa: retrograde tracing and immunocyto-chemistry. Cell Tissue Res 1988; 252: 141–6.

Ylikoski J Mrena I Panula P Happola O Paivarinta H . Neural control of the middle ear mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1988(suppl 457): 159–63.

Felding JU Rasmussen JB Lildholdt T . Gas composition of the normal middle ear and the ventilated middle ear cavity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest [Suppl] 1987; 47(supp1 186): 31–41.

Takahashi H Hayashi M Honjo I . Direct measurement of middle ear pressure through the eustachian tube. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1987; 243: 378–81.

Takahashi M Niwa H Yanagita N . PO2 levels in middle ear effusions and middle ear mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1990(suppl 471): 39–42.

Grontved A Moller A Jorgensen L . Studies on gas tension in the normal middle ear. Gas chromatographic analysis and a new sampling technique. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1990; 109: 271–7.

Ostfeld EJ Silberberg A . Gas composition and pressure in middle ear. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 297–304.

Yee AL Cantekin EI . Middle ear pressure after changes in steady state. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987; 104: 261–9.

Hergils L Magnuson B . Middle ear pressure under basal conditions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113: 829–32.

Hergils L Magnuson B . Human-ear gas composition studied by mass spectrometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1990; 110: 92–9.

Hergils L Magnuson B . Analysis of gas composition in normal human middle ears by mass spectrometry. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 449–52.

Luntz M Sadé J . Diurnal fluctuations of middle ear pressures in atelectatic ears. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988; 105: 533–6.

Sadé J Luntz M . Gaseous pathways in atelectatic ears. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98: 355–8.

Sadé J Luntz M . Middle ear as a gas pocket. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990; 99: 529–34.

Yamashita T Maeda N Tomoda K Kumazawa T . Middle ear ventilation mechanism. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1990(suppl 471): 33–8.

Leclerc JE Doyle WJ Kamavas W . Physiological modulation of eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987; 104: 500–10.

Doyle WJ Tanner E Skoner DP Fireman P . Middle ear response to nasal provocation challenges in ascaris-sensitized cynomolgus monkeys. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 330–4.

Lindeman P Holmquist J . Mastoid volume and eustachian tube function in ears with cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 1987; 8: 5–7.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Kihara S Ikeoka H . Effects of Staphylococcus aureus on the ciliary activity of the middle ear lining. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1987; 96: 225–8.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Ikeoka H Koshimi H Esaki Y . Effects of bacterial endotoxin on the ciliary activity in the in vitro middle ear mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987; 104: 495–9.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Ohno Y Sugiura S Okamoto H . The role of influenza A in endotoxin-induced otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 468–71.

Sugiura Y Ohashi Y Ohno Y Okamoto H Nakai Y . Effect of human middle ear effusion on mucociliary system of the guinea pig tubotympanum. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 471–4.

Jung TTK DuBose D Penner G . Ciliary abnormality of eustachian tube in the pathogenesis of radiation induced otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 107–10.

Park K Bakaletz LO Coticchia J Lim DJ . Ciliary activity and eustachian tube transport function following experimental influenza A virus infection of the chinchilla tubotympanum. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 86–90.

Wake M Smallman LA . Ciliary beat frequency of nasal and middle ear mucosa in children with glue ear. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 90–2.

Ishikawa Y Fujita A Honjo I . Nasal mucociliary function in otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 343–5.

Sadler-Kimes D Siegel MI Todhunter JS . Relationship between eustachian tube cartilage length and otitis media. In: Sadé J , ed. Basic aspects of the eustachian tube and middle ear diseases. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Kugler & Ghedini, 1991: 353–6.

McBride TP Derkay CS Cunningham MJ Doyle WJ . Evaluation of noninvasive eustachian tube function tests in normal adults. Laryngoscope 1988; 98: 655–8.

Palva T Marttila T Jauhiainen T . Comparison of pure tones and noise stimuli in sonotubometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987; 103: 212–6.

Okubo J Watanabe I Shibusawa M Ishikawa N Ishida H Teramura K . Sonotubometric measurement of the eustachian tube function by means of band noise. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1987; 49: 242–52.

Hergils LG Magnuson B Falk B . Different tympanometric procedures compared with direct pressure measurements in healthy ears. Scand Audiol 1990; 19: 183–6.

Yagi N Haji T Honjo I . Eustachian rube patency detected by a photoelectric method. Laryngoscope 1987; 97: 732–6.

Kumazawa T Honda K Iwano T Kinoshita T . New findings in observations by tubo-tympano-aerodynamic method. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1990(suppl 461): 25–32.

Shupak A Shroni Z Ostfeld E Doweck I . Dynamic pressure chamber tympanometric eustachian tube function in the evaluation of diving candidates. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 86.

Watanabe I Okubo J . Function of the eustachian tube in an alternobaric environment. A study with special reference to the therapy of secretory otitis media in children. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987; 103: 387–94.

Yamashita K . Endoscopy of the eustachian tube. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1987; 37: 39–46.

Takahashi H Honjo I Fujita A Kurata K . Transtympanic endoscopic findings in patients with otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 116: 1186–9.

Gaafar H el Deeb AK Abdel-Baki F el-Henawi D . Flexible endoscopy and radiologic evaluation of the eustachian tube in adults with eustachian tube dysfunction. Am J Otol 1988; 9: 357–62.

Naito Y Hirouo Y Honjo I . Magnetic resonance imaging of the eustachian tube. A correlative anatomical study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113: 1281–4.

Honjo T . Eustachian tube and middle ear disease. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1988: 91–112.

Chan KH Eelkema EA Furman JMR Kamerer DB . Familial sensorineural hearing loss: a correlative study of audiologic, radiographic, and vestibular findings. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991; 100: 620–5.

Chan KH Swarts JD . Assessment of middle ear mucosal inflammation using gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MRI. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 327–9.

Niwa H Takahashi M Yanagita N Naganawa S . Evaluation of clearance function of the eustachian tube by sequential contrast CT. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1990; 471: 43–50.

McBride TP Doyle WJ Hayden FG Gwaltney JM . Alterations of the eustachian tube, middle ear, and nose in rhinovirus infection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115: 1054–9.

Reuman PD Swarts JD Maddern BD Schiff GM Doyle WJ . The effects of influenza A H3N2, rhinovirus 39 and coxsackie A 21 infection on nasal and middle ear function in adult subjects. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 323–6.

Van Cauwenberge PB Ectors L Vinck B De Vel E Doyle WJ . The middle ear pressure in the experimentally induced common cold. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Fifth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1991: 51–2.

Bamctt JC Cruse LW Doyle WJ . Negative middle ear pressure during influenza A infection in ferrets. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 462–5.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Esaki Y Ikeoka H Koshimo H . Effects of bacterial endotoxin on ciliary activity in the tubotympanum. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988; 97: 298–301.

Skoner DP Doyle WJ Fireman P . Eustachian tube obstruction (ETO) after histamine nasal provocation — a double blind dose-response study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 27–31.

Georgitis JW Gold SM Bernstein JM . Eustachian tube function associated with histamine-induced and ragweed-induced rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1988; 61: 234–9.

Jensen JH Leth N Bonding P . Topical application of decongestant in dysfunction of the eustachian tube: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Otolaryngol 1990; 15: 197–201.

Olén L Holmquist J . The influence of nasal decongestants on eustachian tube function. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 83–5.

Stillwagon PK Doyle WJ Fireman P . Effect of an antihistamine/decongestant on nasal and eustachian tube function following intranasal pollen challenge. Ann Allergy 1987; 58: 442–6.

Kobayashi T Yaginuma Y Toshima M . Use of surfactant in the treatment of secretory otitis media — a preliminary report In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Fifth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1991: 114–5.

White P Malm L Tjernstrom O . Effect of terbutaline on human eustachian tube function. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1989: 51: 354.

Doyle WJ McBride TP . A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of chlorpheniramine on the response of the nasal airway, middle ear and eustachian tube to provocative rhinovirus challenge. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 7: 229–38.

Finkelstein Y Talmi YP Nachmani A Hauben DJ Zohar Y . Levator veli palatini muscle and eustachian tube function. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991; 87: 387–8.

Finkelstein Y Talmi Y Zohar Y Rubel Y Laurian N . Can uvulopalatopharyngoplasty be harmful to eustachian tube function? Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987;104: 511–20.

Finkelstein Y Talmi YP Zohar Y Rubel Y Laurian N . Study of Toynbee phenomenon by combined intranasopharyngeal and tympanometric measurements. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1988; 97: 199–206.

Casselbrant ML Cantekin EI Dirkmaat DC Doyle WJ Bluestone CD . Experimental paralysis of tensor veli palatini muscle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988; 106: 178–85.

Tasaka Y Kawano M Honjo I . Eustachian tube function in OME patients with cleft palate. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1990(suppl 471): 5–8.

Takahashi H Fujita A Honjo I . Site of eustachian tube dysfunction in patients with otitis media with effusion. Am J Otolaryngol 1987; 8: 361–3.

Takahashi H Hayashi M Sato H Honjo I . Primary deficits in eustachian tube function in patients with otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115: 581–4.

Honjo I Fujita A Kurata K Sakakihara J . Refractory otitis media with effusion from view points of eustachian tube dysfunction and nasal sinusitis. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 338–40.

Sakakihara J Fujita A Kurata K Honjo I . Compliance of the eustachian tube from an etiological view point of middle ear disease. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 79–80.

Derkay CS . Eustachian tube and nasal function during pregnancy: a prospective study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 99: 558–66.

Malm L . The effect of gestation on eustachian tube function in rats. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1988(suppl 457): 154–9.

Dempster JH Browning GG . Eustachian tube function following adenoidectomy: an evaluation by sniffing. Clin Otolaryngol 1989; 14: 411–4.

Tuohimaa P Palva T . The effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on the intra-tympanic pressure. J Laryngol Otol 1987; 101: 892–6.

Takahashi H Fujita A Honjo I . Effect of adenoidectomy on otitis media with effusion, tubal function, and sinusitis. Am J Otolaryngol 1989; 10: 208–13.

Manning SC Cantekin EI Kenna MA Bluestone CD . Prognostic value of eustachian tube function in pediatric tympanoplasty. Laryngoscope 1987; 97: 1012–6.

Holmquist J Lindeman P . Eustachian tube function and healing after myringoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 96: 80–2.

Jonathan D . The predictive value of eustachian tube function (measured with sonotubometry) in the successful outcome of myringoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol 1990; 15: 431–4.

Reimer A Andreasson L Harris S Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O . Tubal function and surgery in chronic otitis media. A study on the predictive value of testing tubal function, Valsalva's manoeuvre and volume of ear spaces. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1988(suppl 449): 127–30.

Sato H Nakamura H Honjo I Hayashi M . Eustachian tube function in tympanoplasty. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1990(suppl 471): 9–12.

Sloth H Lildholdt T . Tests of eustachian tube function and ear surgery. Clin Otolaryngol 1989; 14: 227–30.

Eden AR Latman JT Gannon PJ . Mechanisms of middle ear aeration: anatomic and physiologic evidence in primates. Laryngoscope 1990; 100: 67–75.

Iwano T Hamada E Kaneko A Hosoda Y Ushiro K Kumazawa T . Passive opening pressure of the compliant tube. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Ogra PL , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: Decker Periodicals, 1993: 76–8.