2. Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Physiology and Pathophysiology

Honjo I . Eustachian tube and middle ear disease. Kyoto, Japan: University of Kyoto Press, 1987.

Lildholdt T Brask T Hvidegaard T . Interpretation of sonotubometry. A critical view of the acoustical measurement of the opening of the eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;98:250–4.

Palva T Virtanen H . Sonotubometry in chronic ear disease. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:586–99.

Givens GD Seidemann MF . Acoustic immittance testing of the eustachian tube. Ear Hear 1984;5:297–9.

Andreasson L Ivarsson A Luttrup S Mollerstom B Tjernstrom O . Eustachian tube function measured as pressure equilibration and sound transmission capacity. A comparison in healthy ears. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1984;46:74–83.

Jonathan DA Chalmers P Wong K . Comparison of sonotubometry with tympanometry to assess eustachian tube function in adults. Br J Audiol 1986;20:231–5.

Yamashita K . Pneumatic endoscopy of the eustachian tube. Endoscopy 1983;15:257–9.

Yamashita K Miyazaki T . Diagnostic significance of endoscopy of the eustachian tube. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):55–7.

Nozoe T Okazaki N Koda Y Ayani N Kumazawa T . Fluid clearance of the eustachian tube. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Toronto: BC Decker, 1984:66–8.

Honjo I Hayashi M Ito S Takahashi H . Pumping and clearance function of the eustachian tube. Am J Otolaryngol 1985;6:241–4.

Hayashi M Takahashi H Sato H Honjo I . Clearance of the eustachian tube under negative middle-ear pressure. Am J Otolaryngol 1986;7:399–401.

Karja J Nuutinen J Karjalainen P . Mucociliary function in children with secretory otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983;95:544–6.

Roth Y Ostfeld E . Ciliary beat frequency of human middle ear mucosa measured in vitro. J Laryngol Otol 1984;98:853–6.

Takasaka T Kawamoto K . Mucociliary dysfunction in experimental otitis media with effusion. Am J Otolaryngol 1985;6:232–6.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Kihara S Maruoka K Ikeoka H Uemura Y . The ciliary activity of the middle-ear lining — functional and morphological observation. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):123–5.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Koshimo H Esaki Y . Ciliary activity in the in vitro tubotympanum. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1986;243:317–9.

Hills BA . Hydrophobic lining of the eustachian tube imparted by surfactant. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:770–82.

Hills BA . Analysis of eustachian surfactant and its function as a release agent. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:3–9.

Honjo I Ushiro K Haji T Nozoe T Matsui H . Role of the tensor tympani muscle in eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983;95:329–32.

Virtanen H . Eustachian tube function in children with secretory otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983;5:11–7.

Virtanen H . Relation of body posture to eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983;95:63–7.

Groth P Tjernstrom O . Pressure chamber tests for selection of aircrew. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1984;46:264–9.

Bylander A Tjernstrom O Ivarsson A Andreasson L . Eustachian tube function and its relation to middle ear pressure in children. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):43–5.

Bylander AKH . Influence of age, sex, and race on eustachian tube function. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94(suppl 120):28–9.

Cantekin EI . Eustachian tube function in children with tympanostomy tubes. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):46–8.

Bluestone CD Doyle WJ , eds. Eustachian tube function: physiology and role in otitis media. Workshop report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94(suppl 120).

Groth P Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O White P . The effect of pressure change rate on the eustachian tube function in pressure chamber tests. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985;99:67–73.

Cantekin EI Casselbrant ML Doyle WJ Brostoff LM . Prospective studies of eustachian tube function and otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:58–60.

Kumazawa T . Autonomic nerve regulation in the eustachian tube function. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):5–7.

Rucci L Pantaeleo T Cagnoli A . Tympanometric variations induced by vidian nerve stimulation in humans. J Laryngol Otol 1985;99:355–8.

Eden AR . Neural control of middle-ear aeration. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;113:133–7.

Walker SB Shapiro GG Bierman CW . Induction of eustachian tube dysfunction with histamine nasal provocation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985;76:158–62.

Skoner DP Doyle WJ Fireman P . Eustachian tube obstruction (ETO) after histamine nasal provocation—a double-blind dose-response study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:27–31.

Doyle WJ Skoner DP Boehm S Fireman P . The effect of methacholine challenge on nasal conductance and eustachian tube function. Presented at the Fourth International Symposium: Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Bal Harbour, Florida, June 1–4, 1987.

Lindeman P Holmquist J Aberg B . Eardrum mobility and middle ear volume measured with tympanometry. Scand Audiol 1984;13:147–50.

Alhady RA El Sharnoubie M . Tympanometric fundings in patients with adenoid hyperplasia, chronic sinusitis and tonsillitis. J Laryngol Otol 1984;98:671–6.

Tos M Stangerup S-E . The causes of asymmetry of the mastoid air cell system. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985;99:564–70.

Honjo I Tashima K Mitoma T Hamada E . Effect of adenoidectomy on eustachian tube function. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):231–3.

Soderberg O Hellström S Stenfors L-E . Experimental background for the use of tympanostomy tube. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983;8:1–11.

Doyle WJ . Functional eustachian tube obstruction and otitis media in a primate model. A review. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1984(suppl 414):52–7.

Wheeler SL Pool GL Lumb RH . Rat eustachian tube synthesizes disaturated phosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984;794:348–9.

Kuijpers W van der Beek JM . The role of microorganisms in experimental eustachian tube obstruction. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1984(suppl 414):58–66.

Tos M Wiederhold M Larsen P . Experimental long-term tubal occlusion in cats. A quantitative histopathological study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;97:580–92.

Doyle WJ . Eustachian tube function in the chinchilla. Arch Otolaryngol 1985;111:305–8.

Casselbrant ML Doyle WJ Cantekin EI Ingraham AS . Eustachian tube function in the rhesus monkey model of cleft palate. Cleft Palate J 1985;22:185–91.

Huang CC Saporta C Abramson M . Immunologically induced salpingitis in rats. Am J Otolaryngol 1985;6:368–72.

Sudo N Tomoda K Floyd R Ishibe T Yoo TJ . Type II collagen induced autoimmune salpingitis in the rat. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):197–9.

Ryan AF Harris JP Catanzaro A Wasserman SI . The role of eustachian tube dysfunction in immune-mediated middle ear effusion and inflammation. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):203–5.

Takasaka T Hozawa K . Histopathological changes of the eustachian tube in OME animal models. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):26–9.

Svane-Knudsen B Kruse S Lildholdt T Madsen T . Sympathetic influence on the normal eustachian tube. An experimental study in the rat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1986;101:263–8.

Murano K Nobori T Tsurumaru H Obata E Kiyota R Ohyama M . Brainstem localization of motorneurons innervating the tensor veli palatini muscle and the tensor tympani muscle in the monkey. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:120–3.

Chan KH Swarts JD Doyle WJ . Selected topics on middle ear and eustachian tube physiology of the domestic cat. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:105–8.

Casselbrant ML Cantekin EI Dirkmaat DC Doyle WJ Bluestone CD . Reversible functional obstruction of the eustachian tube. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:103–5.

Minami T Kubo N Hori Y Tsuji H Yamashita T Kumazawa T . Measurements of blood flow volume in the eustachian tube. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:76–8.

Tomonaga K Kurono Y Mogi G . Type I allergic reaction in the middle ear and eustachian tube mucosa: an experimental study. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:71–5.

Ripley-Petzoldt ML Solfelt M Wright P Paparella MM Giebink GS . Middle ear and eustachian tube histopathology during experimental influenza A virus infection. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:433–5.

Lim DJ Ohashi Y Chung MH DeMaria TF . Ultrastructural pathology of the tubotympanum following experimental influenza A virus-induced otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:436–8.

Doyle WJ Takahara T Fireman P . The role of allergy in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol 1985;111:502–6.

Holmquist J . Eustachian tube function in middle-ear effusion (MEE). Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):49–51.

Lindeman P Holmquist J . Mastoid volume and eustachian tube function in ears with cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 1987;8:5–7.

Myers EN Beery QC Bluestone CD Rood SR Sigler BA . Effect of certain head and neck tumors and their management on the ventilatory function of the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984;93(suppl 114).

Gopalakrishna A Goleria KA Raje A . Middle ear function in cleft palate. Br J Plast Surg 1984;37:558–65.

Johannessen J Poulsen P . The influence of anterior nasal packings on middle ear pressure. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;97:363–4.

Bylander A . Upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube function in children. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;97:343–9.

Doyle WJ Reilly JS Jardini L Rovnak S . Effect of palatoplasty on the function of eustachian tube in children with cleft palate. Cleft Palate J 1986;23:63–8.

Sato H Kurata K Yen YH Honjo I Young HY Hsieh T . Eustachian tube function in cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:64–7.

Gereau SA Stevens D Basilla M . Endoscopic observations of eustachian tube abnormalities in children with palatal clefts. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:60–3.

Jorgensen F Holmquist J . Otitis media and the blocked nose. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:80–2.

Doyle WJ Friedman R Fireman P Bluestone CD . Eustachian tube obstruction after provocative nasal antigen challenge. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:508–11.

Friedman RA Doyle WJ Casselbrant ML Bluestone CD Fireman P . Immunologic-mediated eustachian tube obstruction: a double-blind crossover study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983;71:441–2.

Ackerman MN Friedman RA Doyle WJ Bluestone CD Fireman P . Antigen-induced eustachian tube obstruction: an intranasal provocative challenge test. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984;73:604–9.

Doyle WJ Ingraham AS Fireman P . The effects of intranasal histamine challenge on eustachian tube function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985;76:551–6.

Fireman P . Eustachian tube obstruction and allergy: a role in otitis media with effusion?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985;76:137–40.

Skoner DP Doyle WJ Chamovitz AH Fireman P . Eustachian tube obstruction after intranasal challenge with house dust mite. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;112:840–2.

Fireman P Skoner DP Boehm S Doyle WJ . Patterns of response of the nose and eustachian tube to provocative allergen challenge. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:96–8.

Toyama Y Honda K Ino C Kumazawa T . Effect of nasal allergy on eustachian tube function. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:69–71.

McBride TP Doyle WJ Hayden F Gwaltney J . Eustachian tube response to a provocative rhinovirus challenge. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:309–11.

Falk B Magnuson B . Eustachian tube closing failure in children with persistent middle-ear effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1984;7:97–106.

Falk B Magnuson B . Eustachian tube closing failure. Occurrence in patients with cleft palate and middle-ear disease. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:10–4.

Falk B . Eustachian tube closing failure. Studies on sniffinduced negative middle ear pressure [Dissertation]. Linkoping, Sweden: Linkoping University Medical School, 1984.

Falk B Magnuson B . Evacuation of the middle ear by sniffing: a cause of high negative pressure and development of middle ear disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984;92:312–8.

Honjo I Ushiro K Nozoe T Okazaki N . Cineroentgenographic and electromyographic studies of eustachian tube function. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1983;238:63–7.

Kanzaki J Taiji H Kanke H Shisa H . Evaluation of the eustachian tube in normal subjects and in patients with otitis media with effusion by high resolution computerized tomography. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):52–4.

Khan NA . Technique and clinical importance of eustachian tube radiography. Am J Otolaryngol 1985;6:222–4.

Naito Y Honjo I Nishimura K Torizuka K . Magnetic resonance imaging around the eustachian tube. Am J Otolaryngol 1986;7:402–6.

Naito Y Honjo I Hoshino K Nishimura K . Magnetic resonance imaging of the eustachian tube. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:109–13.

Bebear JP D'Arc M Bagot . The role of eustachian tube function in the results of tympanoplasty. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1984;38:586–90.

McGee TM . Surgical sequelae of abnormal eustachian tube function. Am J Otol 1985;6:229–30.

Murata K Ohta F . Reconstruction of the eustachian tube and the anterior tympanum: planned staged tubo-tympanoplasty. Laryngoscope 1985;95:330–4.

Jansen CW . Functional repair of the eustachian tube. Am J Otol 1985;6:231–2.

Holmquist J Lindeman P . Eustachian tube function and healing after myringoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;96:80–2.

Malm L White P . Isoprenaline-induced facilitation of the eustachian tube opening. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;98:391–7.

Tjernstrom O Andreasson L Groth P Ivarsson A Malm L . Effect of atropine on the eustachian tube function. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1985;47:95–100.

Tjernstrom O Andreasson L Bylander A Groth P Malm L . Evaluation of pharmacological effects on eustachian tube function. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):117–9.

Jorgensen F Holmquist J . Toynbee phenomenon and middle ear disease. Am J Otol 1984;5:291–4.

Khalifa MS Nabi EA Abdel Labib KL . Middle ear pressure changes in relation to recurrent otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol 1984;98:241–2.

Buckingham RA Stuart DR Geick MR Girgis SJ McGee TJ . Experimental evidence against middle ear oxygen absorption. Laryngoscope 1985;95:437–42.

Bylander AKH Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O Andreasson L . Middle ear pressure variations during 24 hours in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94(suppl 120):33–5.

Hergils L Magnuson B . Morning pressure in the middle ear. Arch Otolaryngol 1985;111:86–9.

Kusakari J Ohyama K Inamura N . Gas analysis of the middle ear cavity in normal and pathological conditions. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985;12(suppl 1):114–6.

Mann MS Woodsford PV Jones RM . Anaesthetic carrier gases. Their effect on middle ear pressure peri-operatively. Anaesthesia 1985;40:8–11.

Ostfeld E . Middle ear gas composition. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94(suppl 120):32–3.

Yee AL Cantekin EI . Effect of changes in systemic oxygen tension on middle ear gas exchange. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1986;95:369–72.

Felding JU Lildholdt T . Direct measurement of middle ear gas composition: clinical implications. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:86–8.

Yamashita T Maeda N Honda K Kumazawa T . New findings of middle ear ventilation using xenon gas. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:92–6.

Sadé J Luntz M . Gaseous pathways in atelectatic ears. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:89–92.

Shinkawa H Sasaki Y Inamura N Okitsu T Takasaka T . Middle ear pressure and gas diffusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:83–6.

Brown DT Potsic WP Marsh RR Litt M . Drugs affecting clearance of middle ear secretions: a perspective for the management of otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94(suppl 117).

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Kihara S . Ciliary activity of the middle ear lining in guinea pigs. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94:419–23.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Ikeoka H Koshimo H Onoyama Y . Effects of irradiation on the ciliary activity of the eustachian tube and the middle ear mucosa. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1985;242:343–8.

Ohashi Y Nakai Y Ikeoka H Koshimo H Esaki Y . Mucosal pathology of the eustachian tube after exposure to sulfur dioxide. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1986;243:247–9.

Salen B Hellström S Stenfors L-E . Experimentally induced otitis media with effusion. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] (Stockh) 1984(suppl 414):67–70.

Stenfors L-E Albiin N Bloom GD Hellström S Widemar L . Mast cells and middle ear effusion. Am J Otolaryngol 1985;6:217–9.

Hellström S Stenfors L-E . Pressure equilibrating function of the pars flaccida in the middle ear mechanics. Acta Physiol Scand 1983;118:337–41.

Goldie P Hellström S . Mechanisms involved in production of middle ear effusion by irritation of the external auditory canal. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:466–8.

Widemar L Hellström S Schultzberg M Stenfors L-E . Autonomic innervation of the tympanic membrane. An immunocytochemical and histofluorescence study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985;100:58–65.

Widemar L Hellström S Stenfors L-E Bloom GD . An overlooked site of tissue mast cells—the human tympanic membrane. Implications for middle ear affections. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1986;102:391–5.

Uddman R Grunditz T Larsson A Sundler F . Origin of sensory fibers to the tympanic membrane and middle ear mucosa. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1988:117–9.