Otitis Media with Effusion and Development of Speech and Language

Macbeth R . Some thoughts on the eustachian tube. Proc R Soc Med 1960; 53: 151–61.

Proctor B . Anatomy of the eustachian tube. Arch Otolaryngol 1973; 97: 12–36.

Rudinger N . The eustachian tube. Man Hum Comp Histol 1873; 3: 66–84.

Sief S Dellon AL . Anatomic relationships between the human levator and the tensor veli palatini and the eustachian tube. Cleft Palate J 1978; 15: 329–36.

Anson B . Human anatomy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.

Wyet RJ Doyle WJ Gest TR Jumer MM Darby RE Smith RJ . An interracial study of the morphometrics of the skull base with reference to the eustachian tube. In: Sade J , ed. Cholesteatoma and mastoid surgery. Amsterdam: Kugler Publications, 1982: 81–96.

Graves GO Edwards LF . The eustachian tube: Review of its descriptive, microscopic, topographic, and clinical anatomy. Arch Otolaryngol 1944; 40: 359–97.

Rood SR Doyle WJ . The nasopharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube: Implications for tubal dynamics-anatomy. Cleft Palate J 1982; 19: 119–28.

Terracol A Coroni A Guerrier G . La trompe d'eustachi, Paris: Masson et Cie, 1949.

Simkins C . Functional anatomy of the eustachian tube. Arch Otolaryngol 1943; 38: 476–9.

Rood SR . Morphology of m tensor veli palatini in the five month human fetus. Am J Anat 1973; 138: 191–6.

Bryant WS . The eustachian tube: Its anatomy and its movement: With a description of the cartilages, muscles, fasciae, and the fossa of Rosenmuller. Med Rec 1907; 71: 931–4.

Rood SR Doyle WJ . The morphology of the tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani and dilatator tubae muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1978; 87: 202–11.

Rosen LM . The morphology of the salpingopharyngeus muscle [Thesis]. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1970.

Wolff D . The microscopic anatomy of the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1934; 43: 483–94.

Wolff D . Microscopic observations of the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1931; 40: 1055–69.

Aschan G . The eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1954; 44: 295–311.

Lupin A . The relationship of the tensor tympani and tensor palatini muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1969; 78: 792–6.

Ross M . Functional anatomy of the tensor palatini: Its relevance in cleft palate surgery. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1971; 93: 1–8.

Tos M . Frequency of secretory otitis and histology of normal middle ear mucosa. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1979; 1: 241–8.

Tos M . Distribution of mucous glands in the foetal eustachian tube. Arch Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkde 1971; 197: 295–306.

Tos M . Production of mucus in the middle ear and eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1974; 83: 44–58.

Tos M Bak-Pedersen K . Goblet cell population in the normal middle ear and eustachian tube of children and adults. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85(suppl 25): 44–50.

Shimada T Lim DJ . Distribution of ciliated cells in the human middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1972; 21: 203–11.

Tos M . Anatomy and histology of the middle ear. Clin Rev Allergy 1984; 2: 267–84.

Tos M Bak-Pedersen K . Density of mucous glands in a biopsy material of chronic secretory otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1973; 75: 55–60.

Tos M Bak-Pedersen K . Density of mucous glands in chronic otitis media. Arch Otolaryngol 1974; 99: 180–4.

Tos M Bak-Pedersen K . Density of goblet cells in chronic secretory otitis media. Findings in a biopsy material. Laryngoscope 1975; 85: 377–83.

Tos M Wiederhold M Larsen P . Experimental long-term tubal occlusion in cats. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984; 97: 580–92.

Cantekin EI Doyle WJ Bluestone CD . Comparison of normal eustachian tube function in the rhesus monkey and man. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1982; 91: 179–84.

Mesulam M-M , ed. Tracing neural connections with horseradish peroxidase. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982: 1–151.

Van Loveren H Saunders MC Keller JT . Localization of motoneurons innervating the levator veli palatini muscle in the cat. Brain Res Bull 1983; 11: 303–7.

Keller JT Saunders MC Ongkiko CM . Identification of motoneurons innvervating the tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles in the cat. Brain Res 1983; 270: 209–15.

Kalia MP . Anatomical organization of central respiratory neurons. Ann Rev Physiol 1981; 43: 105–20.

Cantekin EI Doyle WJ Bluestone CD . Effect of levator veli palatini muscle excision on eustachian tube function. Arch Otolaryngol 1983; 109: 281–4.

Honjo I Okazaki N Kumazawa T . Experimental study of the eustachian tube function with regard to its related muscles. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1979; 87: 84–9.

Honjo I Ushiro K Haji T Nozoe T Matsui H . Role of the tensor tympani muscle in eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983; 95: 329–32.

Siegel MI Todhunter JS . Image recognition and the reconstruction of cleft palate preparations: A new approach. Cleft Palate J 1979; 16: 381–4.

Todhunter JS Siegel MI Li CC . Three dimensional reconstruction of histological preparations from cleft palate fetal material. Proceedings of the 14th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Honolulu, 1981: 409–14.

Siegel MI . Computer analysis of 3-D imaging for biomedical research. Introduction by session co-coordinator. Proceedings of the 14th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Honolulu, 1981: 357.

Cook PN Batnitzky S Lee KR . Three dimensional reconstruction from serial sections for medical applications. Proceedings of the 14th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Honolulu, 1981: 358–89.

Siegel MI Todhunter JS Doyle WJ Rood SR . Computer reconstruction of eustachian tube anatomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1983; 92(suppl 107): 10.

Todhunter JS Siegel MI Doyle WJ . Computer generated eustachian tube shape analysis. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 101–4.

Stewart TD . Hrdlicka's practical anthropometry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1947.

Paparella MM Hiraide F Juhn SK Kaneko Y . Cellular events involved in middle ear fluid production. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1970; 79: 766–80.

Goycoolea MV Paparella MM Carpenter AM Juhn SK . A longitudinal study of cellular changes in experimental otitis media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1979; 87: 687–700.

Daniel HJ Carmine FH Cook RA . Otitis media in two strains of laboratory rats. J Aud Res 1971; 11: 276–8.

Daniel HJ Fulghum RS Brinn JE Barrett KA . Comparative anatomy of eustachian tube and middle ear cavity in animal models for otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1982; 91: 82–9.

Giebink GS Payne EE Mills EL Juhn SK Quie PG . Experimental otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: immunopathologic response in chinchilla. J Infect Dis 1976; 134: 595–604.

Juhn SK Paparella MM Kim CS Goycoolea MV Giebink S . Pathogenesis of otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977; 86: 481–92.

Meyerhoff WL Shea DA Giebink GS . Experimental pneumococcal otitis media: A histopathologic study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1980; 88: 606–12.

Meyerhoff WL Giebink GS Shea DA . Pneumococcal otitis media following middle ear deflation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90: 72–6.

Giebink GS Mills EL Hugg JS . The microbiology of serous and mucoid otitis media. Pediatrics 1979; 63: 915–9.

DeMaria TF Briggs BR Lim DJ Okazaki N . Experimental otitis media with effusion following middle ear inoculation of nonviable H influenzae. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984; 93: 52–6.

DeMaria TF Prior RB Briggs BR Lim DJ Birck HG . endotoxin in middle ear effusions from patients with chronic otitis media with effusion. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 15–7.

Okazaki N DeMaria TF Briggs BR Lim DJ . Experimental otitis media with effusion induced by nonviable Hemophilus influenzae: cytologic and histologic study. Am J Otolaryngol 1984; 5: 80–92.

Berger G Hawke M Proops DW Ranadive NS Wong D . Histamine levels in middle ear effusions. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 195–8.

Alm P-E Bloom GD Hellstrom S Stenfors L-E Widemar L . Mast cells in the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane. A quantitative morphological and biochemical study in the rat. Experientia 1982; 39: 287–9.

Widemar L Bloom GD Hellstrom S Stenfors L-E . Mast cells in the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane. Proc Int Conf Exp OME. Lovanger. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985 (in press).

Hellstrom S Stenfors L-E Alm P-E Bloom GD Salen B Widemar L . Provoking effusion in experimental otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 225–8.

Kitajiri M Uddman R Sundler F . Autonomic innervation of the middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1983; 92: 151–4.

Widemar L Hellstrom S Schultzberg M Stenfors L-E . Autonomic innervation of the tympanic membrane: An immunohistochemical and histofluorescence study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985 (in press).

Foreman JC Jordan CC . Comparison of the activities of some peptides in human skin and as histamine releasing agents. Br J Pharmacol 1981; 73: 207P.

Tos M . Pathology of acute otitis media and chronic secretory otitis media. Clin Rev Allergy 1984; 2: 285–302.

Tos M Poulsen G Borch J . Tympanometry in two-year-old children. Changes of tympanograms at the re-evaluation. ORL 1978; 40: 206–15.

Tos M Bak-Pedersen K . Goblet cell population in the pathological middle ear and eustachian tube of children and adults. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977; 86: 209–18.

Tos M . Middle ear epithelia in chronic secretory otitis. Arch Otolaryngol 1980; 106: 593–7.

Ishii T Toriyama M Suzuki J . Histopathological study of otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 83–6.

Zechner G . Auditory tube and middle ear mucosa in nonpurulent otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 87–90.

Kitajiri M Sando I Hashida Y Doyle W . Histopathology of otitis media in infants with cleft and high arched palates. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 195–8.

Tos M . Management of tubal function in reconstructive middle ear surgery. J Laryngol Otol 1980; 94: 25–30.

Tos M . Obliterative otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 1979; 93: 569–73.

Rich A . A physiological study of the eustachian tube and its related muscles. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1920; 31: 206–14.

Perlman HB . The eustachian tube: Abnormal patency and normal physiologic state. Arch Otolaryngol 1939; 30: 212–38.

Perlman HB . Observations on the eustachian tube. Arch Otolaryngol 1951; 53: 370–85.

Ingelstedt S . Physiology and pathophysiology of the middle ear-eustachian tube system. In: Beagly HA , ed. Audiology and audiological medicine. Vol 2. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1981: 723–51.

Flisberg K . Ventilatory studies on the eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1966; 61(suppl 219): 1–82.

Cantekin EI Bluestone CD Saez C Doyle WJ Phillips DC . Normal and abnormal middle ear ventilation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977; 86(suppl 41): 1–15.

Zöllner F . Anatomie, Physiologie, Pathologie und Klinik der Ohrtrompete. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1942.

Politzer A . Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde für prachtische Arzte und Studkierende. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1865, 1869.

Toynbee J . On the functions of the membrana tympani, the ossicles and muscles of the tympanum, and of the eustachian tube in the human ear. Proc R Soc Med 1853; 6: 217.

Reiner CD Pulec JL . Experimental production of serous otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1969; 78: 880–7.

Senturia BH Carr CD Rosenblat B . Middle ear effusions produced experimentally in dogs. III. Further studies concerning the pathogenesis of the effusions. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1962; 54: 383–92.

Senturia BH . Pathologic changes in the muco-periosteum of the experimental animal. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1962; 71: 632–6.

Silverstein H Miller GF Lindeman RC . Eustachian tube dysfunction as a cause for chronic secretory otitis in children. (Correction by pressure-equalization). Laryngoscope 1966; 76: 259–73.

Cantekin EI Phillips DC Doyle WJ Bluestone CD Kimes KK . Surgical alteration of the tensor veli palatini muscle related to eustachian tube function. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 28–33.

Doyle WJ Cantekin EI Bluestone CD Phillips DC Kimes KK Siegel MI . A nonhuman primate model of cleft palate and its implications for middle ear pathology. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 41–6.

Doyle WJ . Functional eustachian tube obstruction and otitis media in a primate model. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1984; 98(suppl 414): 52–7.

Doyle WJ Ingraham AS Saad M Cantekin EI . A primate model of cleft palate and middle ear disease: Results of a one-year postcleft follow-up. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc. 1984: 215–8.

Bluestone CD Paradise JL Beery QC . Physiology of the eustachian tube in the pathogenesis and management of middle ear effusions. Laryngoscope 1972; 82: 1654–9.

Feldman H . The eustachian tube: Its significance in middle ear physiology. In: Munker G Arnold W , eds. Physiology and pathophysiology of eustachian tube and middle ear. New York: Thieme-Stratton Inc. 1980: 4–8.

Bluestone CD Beery QC Andrus WS . Mechanics of the eustachian tube as it influences susceptibility to and persistence of middle ear effusions in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1974; 83(suppl 11): 27–34.

Cantekin EI . State of the art: Physiology and pathophysiology of the eustachian tube. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 45–8.

Doyle WJ Saad MM Cantekin EI . Anomalous middle ear gas absorption in a nonhuman primate model of cleft palate. Cleft Palate J 1982; 19: 17–24.

Falk B . Sniff-induced negative middle ear pressures: Study of a consecutive series of children with otitis media with effusion. Am J Otolaryngol 1982; 3: 155–62.

Gimsing S . Gas absorption in serous otitis, a clinical aspect. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1983; 92: 305–8.

Honjo I Okazaki T Nozoe K Kumazawa T . Experimental study of the pumping function of the eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1981; 91: 85–9.

Magnusson B . On the origin of the high negative pressure in the middle ear space. Am J Otolaryngol 1981; 2: 1–12.

Murphy D . Negative pressure in the middle ear by ciliary propulsion of mucus through the eustachian tube. Laryngoscope 1976; 89: 954–61.

Cantekin EI Doyle WJ Phillips DC Bluestone CD . Gas absorption in the middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 71–5.

Ranade A Lambertsen CJ Noordergraaf A . Inert gas exchange in the middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1980; 90(suppl 371): 1–23.

Andreasson L Bylander A Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O . Treatment with sulfur hexafluoride in children with serous otitis media. An alternative to tubulation. Arch Otolaryngol 1983; 109: 358–9.

Doyle WJ Reilly JS Stool SE Cantekin EI . Eustachian tube function in children with unrepaired cleft palates. Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 59–61.

Groth P Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O . Reliability in tests of the eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1982; 93: 261–7.

Bylander A Tjernstrom O Ivarsson A . Pressure opening and closing functions of the eustachian tube by inflation and deflation in children and adults with normal ears. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983; 96: 255–68.

Eden AR . Neural connections between the middle ear, eustachian tube and brain. Implications for the reflex control of middle ear aeration. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90: 566–71.

Guindi GM . Nasopharyngeal mechanoreceptors and their role in autoregulation of endotympanic pressure. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 43: 56–61.

Misurya VK . Tensor tympani, a ‘tuner’ of tensor palati muscle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1976; 82: 410–5.

Clairmont AA Jackson RT . The effect of bradykinin on eustachian tube and nasal patency. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1973; 75: 432–5.

Davis LJ Sheffield PA Jackson RT . Drug-induced patency changes in the eustachian tube. Arch Otolaryngol 1970; 92: 325–8.

Frady RP Parker WH Jackson RT . Studies in permeability of the middle ear mucosa. Arch Otolaryngol 1977; 103: 47–51.

Jackson RT . Pharmacological mechanisms in the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1971; 80: 313–8.

Eccles R . The domestic pig as an experimental animal for studies on the nasal cycle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1978; 85: 431–6.

Ingelstedt S Ortegren U . Qualitative testing of the eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1963; 56(suppl 182): 7–23.

Miller GF . Eustachian tube function in normal and diseased ears. Arch Otolaryngol 1965; 81: 41–8.

Holmquist J . Eustachian tube function in patients with eardrum perforations following chronic otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1969; 68: 391–401.

Bluestone CD Cantekin EI Beery QC . Certain effects of adenoidectomy on eustachian tube ventilatory function. Laryngoscope 1975; 85: 113–27.

Bluestone CD Cantekin EI Beery QC Paradise JL . Eustachian tube ventilatory function in relation to cleft palate. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1975; 84: 333–8.

Cantekin EI Bluestone CD Parkin L . Eustachian tube ventilatory function in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85(suppl 25): 171–7.

Cantekin EI Saez CA Bluestone CD Bern SA . Airflow through the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1979; 88: 603–12.

Bluestone CD Cantekin EI Beery QC . Effect of inflammation on the ventilatory function of the eustachian tube. Laryngoscope 1977; 87: 493–507.

Cantekin EI Doyle WJ Reichert TJ Phillips DC Bluestone CD . Dilation of the eustachian tube by electrical stimulation of the mandibular nerve. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1979; 88: 40–51.

Dickson DR . Anatomy of the normal and cleft palate eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85(suppl 25): 25–9.

Ingelstedt S Ivarsson A Jonson B . Mechanics of the human middle ear: Pressure regulation in aviation and diving: A nontraumatic method. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1967; 64(suppl 228): 5–55.

Munker G Pedersen P Grundman S . Tubenfunktionsprufung in der Druckkammer: Registrierung mittels eines Differential-manometers. Arch Klin Exp Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkd 1972; 201: 249–57.

Elner A Ingelstedt S Ivarsson A . The normal function of the eustachian tube: A study of 102 normal cases. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1971; 72: 320–9.

Ivarsson A . A new impedance method for measuring middle ear mechanics and eustachian tube function. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 89(suppl 68): 207–10.

Groth P . Eustachian tube function in aviation. An experimental study in man [Thesis]. Malmo, Sweden: University of Lund, 1981.

Bylander A . Eustachian tube function in healthy children. A pressure equilibration study with an adult reference group [Thesis]. Malmo, Sweden: University of Lund, 1983.

Andreasson L Ingelstedt S Ivarsson A Jonson B Tjernstrom O . Pressure-dependent variation in volume of mucosal lining of the middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1976; 81: 442–9.

Magnusson B . Tubal opening and closing ability in unilateral middle ear disease. Am J Otolaryngol 1981; 2: 199–209.

Falk B Magnusson B . Test-retest variability of eustachian tube responses in children with persistent middle ear effusion. Arch Otolaryngol 1985 (in press).

Moon JB Swanson SA . Passive eustachian tube opening pressure. Its measurements, normal values and clinical implications. Arch Otolaryngol 1983; 109: 364–8.

Ingelstedt S Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O . Vertigo due to relative overpressure in the middle ear. An experimental study in man. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1974; 78: 1–14.

Virtanen H . Sonotubometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1977; 86: 93–103.

Virtanen H Palva T Jauhiainen T . Comparative preoperative evaluation of eustachian tube function in pathological ears. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89: 366–9.

Virtanen H . The effect of an oral combined preparation (antihistamine and decongestant) on eustachian tube function in the common cold. ORL 1982; 44: 268–76.

Virtanen H . Eustachian tube function in children with secretory otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983; 5: 11–7.

Virtanen H Marttila T . Middle ear pressure and eustachian tube function. Arch Otolaryngol 1982; 108: 766–9.

Holmquist J Olen L . Evaluation of eustachian tube function. J Laryngol Otol 1980; 94: 15–23.

Murti KG Stern RM Cantekin EI Bluestone CD . Sonometric evaluation of eustachian tube function using broadband stimuli. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 178–84.

Andreasson L Ivarsson A Luttrup S Mollerstrom B Tjernstrom O . Eustachian tube function measured as pressure equilibration and sound transmission capacity. ORL 1984; 46: 74–83.

Lildholdt T Brask T Hvidegaard T . Interpretation of sonotubometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984; 98: 3–4.

Brask T Lildholdt T . Sonotubometry. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 52–5.

Honda K Kumazawa T Awano Y . Tubo-tympanic meter (JK-01). M A Journal 1983; 3: 10–5.

Kumazawa T Honjo I Honda K . Aerodynamic evaluation of eustachian tube function. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1974; 208: 147–56.

Kumazawa T Honjo I Honda K . Aerodynamic pattern of eustachian tube dysfunction. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1977; 215: 317–23.

Williams PS . A tympanometric pressure swallow test for assessment of eustachian tube function. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1975; 84: 339–43.

Honjo I Kumazawa T Honda K . Simple impedance test for eustachian tube function. Arch Otolaryngol 1981; 107: 221–3.

Kumazawa T Honjo I Honda K . Measurement of dynamic eustachian tube function impedance meter. Pract Otol (Kyoto) 1979; 72: 1415–23.

Valentin A . Die cystoskopische Untersuchung des Nasen-rachens oder Salpingoskopie. Arch Laryngol Rhinol (Berlin) 1903; 13: 410–20.

Zaufal E . Zur endokopischen Untersuchung der Rachenmundung, der Tuba en face und des Tubenkanals. Arch Ohrenheilkd 1909; 79: 104–11.

Perlman HB . Mouth of the eustachian tube. Arch Otolaryngol 1951; 53: 353–69.

Lavorato A Lindholm CE . Fiberoptic visualization of motion of the eustachian tube. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1977; 84: 534–41.

Jaumann MP Steiner W Berg M . Endoscopy of the pharyngeal eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 54–5.

Honjo I Ushiro K Mitoma T Tashima K . Eustachian tube function of children with secretory otitis media. Pract Otol (Kyoto) 1984; 77: 1111–7.

Yamashita K . Pneumatic endoscopy of the eustachian tube. Endoscopy 1983; 15: 257–9.

Giebink GS . Epidemiology and natural history of otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 5–9.

Bylander A Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O . Eustachian tube function in normal children and adults. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1981; 92: 481–91.

Bylander A Tjernstrom O . Changes in eustachian tube function with age in children with normal ears. A longitudinal study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983; 96: 467–77.

Bylander A Tjernstrom O Ivarsson A Ingvarsson L . Eustachian tube function in children with and without otologic history. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 56–8.

Beery QC Doyle WJ Cantekin EI Bluestone CD Wiet RJ . Eustachian tube function in an American Indian population. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 28–33.

Holborow C . Eustachian tubal function: Changes throughout childhood and neuromuscular control. J Laryngol Otol 1975; 89: 47.

Tomoda K Morii S Yamashita T Kumazawa T . Histology of human eustachian tube muscles: Effect of aging. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984; 93: 17–24.

Doyle WJ . A functiono-anatomic description of eustachian tube vector relations in four ethnic populations: an otologic study [Dissertation]. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1977.

Honjo I Ushiro K Okazaki N Kumazawa T . Evaluation of eustachian tube function by contrast roentgenography. Arch Otolaryngol 1981; 107: 350–2.

Bluestone CD Berry QC . Concepts on the pathogenesis of middle ear effusions. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Saunders WH Senturia BH . Recent advances in middle ear effusions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85(suppl 25): 182–6.

Hellstrom S Salen B Stenfors L-E Soderberg O . Appearance of effusion material in the attic space correlated to an impaired eustachian tube function. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983; 6: 127–34.

Hellstrom S Salen B Stenfors L-E . Absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) in otosurgery — one cause of undesirable postoperative results?. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983; 96: 269–75.

Albiin N Hellstrom S Stenfors L-E . Clearance of effusion material from the attic space — an experimental study in the rat. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983; 5: 1–10.

Hellstrom S Stenfors L-E . The pressure equilibrating function of the pars flaccida in the middle ear mechanics. Acta Physiol Scand 1983; 118: 337–41.

Nathanson SE Jackson RT . Vidian nerve and the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85: 83–5.

Lee CW Lewis RA Corey EJ Austen KF . Human biology and immunoreactivity of leukotrienes. In: Rainsford KD Veli GP , eds. Advances in inflammation research. New York: Raven Press, 1984: 219–25.

Lowell SH Juhn SK . The role of bacterial enzymes in inducing inflammation in the middle ear cavity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1979; 87: 859–70.

Flower RJ Wood JN Parente L . Macrocortin and the mechanism of action of the glucocorticoids. In: Otterness I Capetola R Wong S , eds. Advances in inflammation research. New York: Raven Press, 1984: 61–70.

Uddman R Hakanson R Sundler F . Immunoreactive avian pancreatic polypeptide occurs in nerves of the mammalian nasal mucosa and eustachian tube. ORL 1980; 42: 242–8.

Uddman R Moghimzadeh E Sundler F . Occurrence and distribution of GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the respiratory tract. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1984; 239: 145–51.

Starke K Docherty JR . Types and functions of peripheral alpha adrenoceptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1982; 4: S1–S7.

Matsumura H . Studies on the composition of air in the tympanic cavity. Arch Otolaryngol 1955; 61: 220–2.

Riu R Flottes J Bouche J LeDeu R . La physiologie de la trompe d'Eustache. Paris: Librairie Arnette, 1966: 153–6.

Morgenstern C . Oxygen supply of middle ear mucosa under normal conditions and after eustachian tube occlusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 76–7.

Sade J Weisman Z . The phenotypic expression of middle ear mucosa. In: McCabe BF Sade J Abramson M , eds. Cholesteatoma, first international conference. Birmingham: Aesculapius Publishing Co, 1977: 52–61.

Ostfeld E Blonder J Crispin M Szeinberg A . The middle ear gas composition in air ventilated dogs. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1980; 89: 105–8.

Segal J Ostfeld E Yinon J Silberberg A Sade J . Mass spectrometric analysis of gas composition in the guinea pig middle ear—mastoid system. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 68–70.

Guyton AC . Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1976: 582.

Elner A . Quantitative studies of gas absorption from the normal middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1977; 83: 25–9.

Ostfeld E Crispin M Blonder J Szeinberg A . The middle ear gas composition during nitrous oxide-oxygen ventilation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89: 165–7.

Ostfeld E . The limiting effect of blood supply through the microcirculation on gas composition in the canine middle ear. Poster, Recent advances in otitis media with effusion, third international symposium, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, May, 1983.

Ingelstedt S Jonson B . Mechanics of the gas exchange in the normal human middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1967; 63(suppl 224): 452–61.

Buckingham RA Ferrer IC . Observations of middle ear pressures. Commentary with movie. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 56–61.

Ivarsson A Tjernstrom O Bylander A Bennrup S . High speech tympanometry and ipsilateral middle ear reflex measurements using a computerized impedance meter. A comparison with the results obtained by a conventional impedance meter. Scand Audiol 1983; 12: 157–63.

Groth P Tjernstrom O . Effects of different body positions on the eustachian tube function in the selection of airmen. Aviat Space Environ Med 1980; 51(suppl 9): 913–7.

Casselbrant ML Doyle WJ Cantekin EI Ingraham AS . Eustachian tube function in the Rhesus monkey model of cleft palate. Cleft Palate J 1985 (in press).

Doyle WJ Friedman R Fireman P Bluestone CD . Eustachian tube obstruction after provocative nasal antigen challenge. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110: 508–11.

Friedman RA Doyle WJ Casselbrant ML Bluestone CD Fireman P . Immunologic-mediated eustachian tube obstruction: A double-blind crossover study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 71: 442–7.

Ackerman MN Friedman RA Doyle WJ Bluestone CD Fireman P . Antigen-induced eustachian tube obstruction: An intranasal provocative challenge test. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984; 73: 604–9.

Albiin N Hellstrom S Salen B Stenfors L-E Soderberg O . The anatomy of the eustachian tube in the rat. Anat Rec 1983; 207: 513–21.

Stenfors L-E Hellstrom S Salen B Soderberg O . Appearance of effusion material in the attic space correlated with an impaired eustachian tube function. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 233–6.

Kuijpers W van der Beek JMH Williart ECT . The effect of experimental tubal obstruction on the middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1979; 87: 345.

White BL Doyle WJ Bluestone CD . Eustachian tube function in infants and children with Down's syndrome. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 62–6.

Bluestone CD Wittel RA Paradise JL . Roentgenographic evaluation of the eustachian tube function in infants with cleft palate and normal palates. Cleft Palate J 1972; 9: 93–100.

Doyle WJ Cantekin EI Bluestone CD . Eustachian tube function in cleft palate children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 34–40.

Magnuson B Falk B . Diagnosis and management of eustachian tube malfunction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1984; 17: 659–71.

Magnuson B Falk B . New techniques for measuring eustachian tube responses. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 49–52.

Bylander A . Comparison of eustachian tube function in children and adults with normal ears. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 20–4.

Falk B . Negative middle ear pressure induced by sniffing: A tympanometric study in persons with healthy ears. J Otolaryngol 1981; 10: 299–305.

Magnuson B . The atelectatic ear. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1981; 3: 25–35.

Falk B Magnuson B . Eustachian tube closing failure in children with persistent middle ear effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1984; 7: 97–106.

Falk B Magnuson B . Eustachian tube closing failure — occurrence in cleft palate patients with middle ear disease. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110: 10–4.

Magnuson B . Tympanoplasty and recurrent disease. Am J Otolaryngol 1981; 2: 277–83.

Tos M Poulsen G . Tympanometry in two-year-old children. ORL 1979; 41: 1–10.

Rundcrantz H . Posture and eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1970; 263: 15–7.

Bylander A . Upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube function in children. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984; 97: 343–6.

Jorgensen F Holmquist J . Toynbee phenomenon and middle ear disease. Am J Otolaryngol 1984; 4: 291–4.

McKee WJ . A controlled study of the effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children. Br J Prev Soc Med 1963; 17: 46–9.

McKee WJ . The part played by adenoidectomy in the combined operation of tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy: Second part of a controlled study in children. Br J Prev Soc Med 1963; 17: 133–40.

Mawson SR Adlington R Evans M . A controlled study evaluation of adeno-tonsillectomy in children. J Laryngol Otol 1967; 81: 77–9.

Roydhouse N . A controlled study of adenoidectomy. Arch Otolaryngol 1970; 92: 611–6.

Roydhouse N . Adenoidectomy for otitis media with mucoid effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 312–5.

Maw RA . Chronic otitis media with effusion and adeno-tonsillectomy — a prospective randomized controlled study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983; 6: 239–46.

Bluestone CD Wittel RA Paradise JL Felder H . Eustachian tube function related to adenoidectomy for otitis media. Trans Am Acad Opthalmol Otolaryngol 1972; 76: 1325–39.

Myers EN Beery QC Bluestone CD Rood SR Sigler BA . Effect of certain head and neck tumors and their management on the ventilatory function of the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984; 93(suppl 114): 1–16.

Otis AB . The work of breathing. In: Fenn WO Herman R , eds. Handbook of physiology. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society, 1964: 463–76.

Pierson WE Morgan M Shapiro GG Furukawa CT Bierman CW . Assessment of nasal patency using the energy cost of nose breathing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 71: 156.

Farmer JC Thomas WG . Ear and sinus problems in diving. In: Strauss RM , ed. Diving medicine. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1976: 109–33.

McNicholl WD . Remediable eustachian tube dysfunction in diving recruits: Assessment, investigation, and management. Undersea Biomed Res 1982; 9: 37–43.

Ornhagen H Tallberg P . Pressure equilibration of the middle ear during ascent. Undersea Biomed Res 1981; 8: 219–27.

Ivarsson A Lundgren C Tjernstrom O Uddman R Ornhagen H . Eustachian tubal function during immersion. Undersea Biomed Res 1977; 4: 9–18.

Keller A . A study of the relationship of air pressure to myringo-rupture. Laryngoscope 1958; 68: 2015–29.

Harker L Norante J Ryu J . Experimental rupture of the round window membrane. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1974; 78: 448–52.

Farmer JC . Otologic and paranasal sinus problems in diving. In: Bennett PB Elliott DH , eds. The physiology and medicine of diving. 3rd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1982: 507–36.

Lundgren C . Alternative vertigo — a diving hazard. Br Med J 1965; 2: 511–3.

Tjernstrom O . On alternobaric vertigo — experimental studies. Forsvarmedecin 1973; 9: 410–5.

Lundgren C Tjernstrom O Ornhagen H . Alternobaric vertigo and hearing disturbances in connection with diving: An epidemiologic study. Undersea Biomed Res 1974; 1: 251–8.

Becker G . Recurrent alternobaric facial paralysis resulting from scuba diving. Laryngoscope 1983; 93: 596–7.

Freeman P Edmonds C . Inner ear barotrauma. Arch Otolaryngol 1972; 95: 556–63.

Goodhill V . Inner ear barotrauma. Arch Otolaryngol 1972; 95: 588.

Farmer JC Thomas WG Youngblood DG Bennett PB . Inner ear decompression sickness. Laryngoscope 1976; 86: 1315–27.

Bluestone CD Klein JO . Otitis media with effusion, atelectasis, and eustachian tube dysfunction. In: Bluestone CD Stool SE , eds. Pediatric otolaryngology. Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co, 1983: 356–512.

Kovatch AL Wald ER Michaels RH . β-lactamase-producing Branhamella catarrhalis causing otitis media in children. J Pediatr 1983; 102: 261–4.

Shurin PA Marchant CD Kim CH . Emergence of β-lactamase-producing strains of Branhamella catarrhalis as important agents of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis 1983; 2: 34–8.

Rohn DD Vatman F Cantekin EI . Incidence of organisms in otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1983; 92(suppl 107): 17.

Bluestone CD . Otitis media in children: To treat or not to treat?. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 1399–404.

Bluestone CD . Are beta-lactamase-inhibiting antimicrobial agents needed for treatment of otitis media? Postgrad Med 1984; Sept-Oct:111–20.

Bluestone CD . Augmentin therapy for acute otitis media in children: Summary of presentations from four clinical trials. Postgrad Med 1985 (in press).

Rodriguez WJ Schwartz RH Khan WN Gold AJ . Erythromycin-sulfisoxazole for persistent acute otitis media due to ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Pediatr Infect Dis 1983; 2: 27–9.

Tos M Poulsen G . Attic retractions following secretory otitis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1980; 89: 479–86.

Tos M . Epidemiology and spontaneous improvement of secretory otitis. Acta Otolaryngol (Belg) 1983; 37: 31–43.

Tos M Strangerup S-E Holm-Jensen S Sorensen CH . Spontaneous course of secretory otitis and changes of the eardrum. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110: 281–9.

Tos M . Relationship between secretory otitis in childhood and chronic otitis and its sequelae in adults. J Laryngol Otol 1981; 95: 1011–22.

Sade J Berco E . Atelectasis and secretory otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85(suppl 25): 66–72.

Sade J . Secretory otitis media and its sequelae. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc, 1979: 64–88.

Tos M . Pathology of the ossicular chain in various chronic middle ear diseases. ORL 1979; 93: 769–80.

Tos M . Can cholesteatoma be prevented? In: Sade J , ed. Cholesteatoma and mastoid surgery. Amsterdam: Kugler Publications, 1982: 591–7.

Bezold F . Uber das Cholesteatom des Mittelohres. Z Hals Nasen Ohrenheilkd 1891; 21: 252–62.

Lildholdt T . Ventilation tubes in secretory otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1983; 95(suppl 398): 1–20.

Felding JU . The longitudinal Hjoerring study. Scand Audiol 1982; 11(suppl 17): 55–9.

Felding JU Fiellau-Nikolajsen M Hojslet PE . Impedance as an indicator in irreversible otopathology and hearing loss in nine-year-olds. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 357–9.

Barfoed C Rosborg J . Secretory otitis media. Arch Otolaryngol 1980; 106: 553–6.

Friedmann I Galey FR . Initiation and stages of mineralization in tympanosclerosis. J Laryngol Otol 1980; 94: 1215–29.

Schiff M Poliquin JF Catanzaro A Ryan AF . Tympanosclerosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 70): 1–16.

Tos M Poulsen G . Tympanosclerosis of the drum in secretory otitis after insertion of grommets. J Laryngol Otol 1983; 97: 489–96.

Brooks DN . Possible long term consequences of middle ear effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89(suppl 68): 246–8.

Cooper JC Langley LR Meyerhoff WL Gates GA . The significance of negative middle ear pressure. Laryngoscope 1977; 87: 92–7.

Lildholdt T Courtois J Kortholm B Schou JW Warren H . The correlation between negative middle ear pressure and the corresponding conductive hearing loss in children. Scand Audiol 1979; 8: 117–20.

Nozza RJ Wilson WR . Masked and unmasked pure-tone thresholds of infants and adults: Development of auditory frequency selectivity and sensitivity. J Speech Hear Res 1984; 27: 613–22.

Teele DW Klein JO Rosner BA . Epidemiology of otitis media in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89: 5–6.

Bluestone CD Beery QC Paradise JL . Audiometry and tympanometry in relation to middle ear effusion in children. Laryngoscope 1973; 83: 594–604.

Kokko E . Chronic secretory otitis media in children. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 1974; 78(suppl 327): 1–44.

Holm VA Kunzel LH . Effect of chronic otitis media on language and speech development. Pediatrics 1969; 43: 833–9.

Silva P Kirkland C Simpson A Stewart I Williams S . Some developmental and behavioral problems associated with bilateral otitis media with effusion. J Learn Disabil 1982; 15: 417–21.

Sak RJ Ruben RJ . Recurrent middle ear effusion in childhood: Implications of temporary auditory deprivation for language and learning. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90: 546–51.

Brandes PJ Ehinger DM . The effects of early middle ear pathology in auditory perception and academic achievement. J Speech Hear Disord 1981; 46: 301–7.

Needleman H . Effects of hearing loss from early recurrent otitis media on speech and language development. In: Jaffe B , ed. Hearing loss in children. Baltimore: University Press, 1977.

Teele DW Klein JO Rosner BA , The Greater Boston Otitis Media Study Group. Otitis media with effusion during the first three years of life and development of speech and language. Pediatrics 1984; 74: 282–7.

Pukander J Sipila M Karma P . Occurrence of and risk factors in acute otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Proceedings of the third international symposium. Burlington, Ontario: B C Decker Inc, 1984: 9–13.