Modifications of external ear anatomy following tympanomastoid surgery can have significant effects on the hearing threshold. Experiments are described that demonstrate the acoustical effect of changes in the dimensions of the concha and ear canal on external ear sound pressure gain. An attempt is made to correlate these findings with results in 30 post-tympanomastoidectomy ears and develop some basic principles of external ear surgery that might be clinically useful.
RofflerSKButlerRA: Factors that influence the localization of sound in the vertical plane. J Acoust Soc Am43: 1255–1259, 1968.
3.
GardnerMBGardnerR: Problem of localization in the median plane: effect of pinnae cavity occlusion. J Acoust Soc Am54: 400–408, 1973.
4.
WeverEGLawrenceM: Physiological Acoustics.Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1954.
5.
ShawEAG: The External Ear in Handbook of Sensory Physiology.Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1974, vol 5/1, Chap 14.
6.
WienerFMRossDA: The pressure distribution in the auditory canal in a progressive sound field. J Acoust Soc Am18: 401–408, 1946.
7.
DjupeslandGZwislockiJJ: Sound-pressure distribution in the outer ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 75: 350–352, 1973.
8.
SiebertWM: Simple Model of the Impedance Matching Properties of the External Ear, quarterly progress report No. 96. Cambridge, Mass, M.I.T. Research Laboratory of Electronics, 1970.
9.
BurkhardMDSachsRM: KEMAR, The Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research, report No. 20032-1. Elk Grove Village, Illinois, Industrial Research Products, Inc, 1973.
10.
ZwislockiJ: An Ear-Like Coupler for Earphone Calibration, special report LSC-S-9. New York, Syracuse University, 1971.
11.
FrenchNRSteinbergJC: Factors governing the intelligibility of speech sounds. J Acoust Soc Am19: 90–119, 1947.
12.
HarrisJHawesHLMyersCK: The importance of hearing at 3 KC for understanding speeded speech. Laryngoscope70: 131–146, 1960.
13.
ChandlerJR: Partial occlusion of the external auditory meatus: its effect upon air and bone conduction hearing acuity. Laryngoscope74: 22–54, 1964.
14.
GardnerMBHawleyMS: Comparison of network and real ear characteristics of the external ear. J Audio Eng Soc21: 158–165, 1973.
15.
TumarkinA: On the nature and vicissitudes of the accessory air spaces of the middle ear. J Laryngol Otol71: 65–99, 1957.
16.
MacDonaldPG: Functioning of the air cell system of the mastoid process in audition. Arch Otolaryngol49: 447–462, 1949.
17.
SetoWW: Acoustics, Schaum's Outline Series.San Francisco, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971.
18.
Gotay-RodriguezVMSchuknechtHF: Experiences with Type IV tympanomastoidectomy. Laryngoscope87: 522–528, 1977.
19.
WienerFMPfeifferRRBackusASN: On the sound pressure transformation by the head and auditory meatus of the cat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 61: 255–269, 1965.
20.
KrugerBTonndorfJ: Middle ear transmission in cats with experimentally induced tympanic membrane perforations. J Acoust Soc Am61: 126–132, 1977.