VII. Vestibular Accommodation and a Description of the Quantitative Caloric Reaction of Brunings and Kobrak

Beck O. Quantitative Messung des kalorischen Nystagmus im Verlaufe akuter Mittelohreiterungen. Quantitative Measurement of Caloric Nystagmus in the Course of Middle Ear Suppuration; Passow's Beitrage, 1909, Vol. 2. pp. 190–196. Beck believes that as inflammation of the middle ear increases, the time between the starting of syringing and the appearance of nystagmus decreases. This time phase depends upon extralabyrinthine conditions (Krproff). The duration of the nystagmus on the contrary is independent of the degree of inflammation and a rather constant value, so that it is supposed to be called forth by intralabyrinthine or central conditions

Boeters O. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Drehnystagmus und den kalorischen Nystagmus. Comparative Investigations Concerning Rotation and Caloric Nystagmus; Zeitschrift für Ohrenheilkunde, 1914, Vol. 71, pp. 77–115. Boeters uses a caloric threshold method

Brünings Beiträge zur Theorie, Methodik und Klinik der kalorimetrischer Functionsprüfung des Bogengang-apparates. Theory, Methods and Clinical Findings with the Calorimetric Functional Test of the Semicircular Canals. Zeitschrift für Ohrenheilkunde, 1911, Vol. 63, p. 20. Brünings describes his otocalorimeter and his otogomometer; the latter is used for maintaining a fixed position of the head. For the normal functional test Brünings has the patient's eyes everted from the tested ear 50 degrees. Irritability is measured by the amount of water (of 27 degrees Centigrade) that it takes to produce a nystagmus

Demetriades Th. D. Mayer Ph. Zur kalorischen Labyrinthprüfung mit Minimalreitzen. On the Caloric Labyrinthine Test with Minimal Stimuli. Monatsschrift für Ohrenheilkunde, 1922, LVI, p. 654

Eckert A. Ist der Nystagmus bei kalorisch Schwach- und Stark-reizen physikalisch oder physiologisch bedingt? Is the Nystagmus of the Caloric Reaction with Weak and Strong Stimuli Physical or Physiologic? Zeitschrift für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, 1922, Vol. 2, p. 165. Kobrak, in a monograph recently published on the static functions of the human body, has collected the experimental observations made with his weak-irritation method, together with theoretical considerations. Eckert criticises Kobrak's methods and theories, as well as Biehl's and Griessmann's, and prefers Barany's rinsing en masse method

Gradenigo Ueber die graphische Aufzeichnung des vestibularen Nystagmus. On the Graphic Registration of the Vestibular Nystagmus. Zentralblatt für Ohrenheilkunde, 1910, Vol. 8, p. 504. Gradenigo uses a single turning of the turning test to determine the threshold, analogous to the minimal caloric stimulation

Grahe K. Beiträge zur kalorischen Auslösung der Vestibularreaktionen. Contribution to the Caloric Reaction. Passow's Beiträge, 1920, Vol. 15, pp. 167–179. Grahe confirms Kobrak's findings with minimal stimuli, and reports nystagmus, falling reactions and past pointing with as little as 5 cc. of cold water

Krproff J. Quantitative Messung des kalorischen Nystagmus bei Labyrinthgesunden. Quantitative Measurement of Caloric Nystagmus in Normal Labyrinths. Passow's Beiträge, 1909, Vol. 2, pp. 129–140. Krproff determines his minimal stimulation by timing the douching, and notes in 127 normal cases that cold water at 30 degrees Centigrade will produce a nystagmus in between 15 and 45 seconds of douching time. He everts the patient's gaze away from the tested ear to insure an early appearance of the nystagmus. This nystagmus appears most quickly in complete destruction of the tympanic membrane, with labyrinthine changes of the epithelium, after radical operations; it appears most slowly in otitis externa and after simple operations. The beginning of the nystagmus is in all probability dependent on anatomic extralabyrinthine conditions—i. e., the conduction of heat and cold

Michaelson Beiträge zur kalorischen Funktionsprüfung des Vestibular-apparates. Contribution to the Caloric Functional Test of the Vestibular Apparatus. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde, 1913, Vol. 46, pp. 222–227. Michaelson uses Brüning's calorimeter and reports cases of multiple sclerosis showing increased irritability

Quix Apparat zur Erregung des statischen Labrynthes. Apparatus for the Excitation of the Static Labyrinth. Twenty-first meeting of the German Otological Society in Hanover, May, 1912 (reported in Zeit. für Ohr., 1912, vol. 66, p. 167). Quix presents a “Statokineter,” or “canule a double courant,” by which the quantity and temperature of water can be easily read off

Spira Josef Ueber das Verhalten des gesunden Vestibularapparates bei einseitig Labrynthlosen nebst einigen Bemerkungen über die quantitative Prüfung der vestibulären Erregbarkeit. On the Condition of the Sound Vestibular Apparatus in Patients Having but One Labyrinth, and Some Remarks on the Quantitative Test of Vestibular Irritability. Monatsschrift für Ohrenheilkunde, 1922, Vol. 56, p. 611. Spira believes that whatever may be the cause of the destruction of the labyrinth, the other ear may lose its irritability for caloric reactions. The cause of such phenomena is unknown, but probably central conditions are playing the chief part. There may also be a relation with Ruttin's compensation of the turning nystagmus. This takes in cases where the labyrinth has been destroyed for some time and where all nerve elements are dead. For both caloric and rotation nystagmus equal values are found in both ears in spite of there being but one labyrinth diseased

Wojatschek W. Ueber genaue Messungen der Funktion des Vestibular-apparates und die Nystagmographie. Concerning the Exact Measurements of the Functions of the Vestibular Apparatus and Nystagmography. Arch. f. Ohrenheilkunde, 1909, Vol. 79, p. 139. The principle of the kind of examination proposed by Wojatschek consists in timing the beginning of the nystagmus. The length of the nystagmus is much harder to determine, as the movements only gradually die away. He uses von Stein's centrifuge

Zalewski T. Quantitative Untersuchungen über den kalorischen Nystagmus. Quantitative Investigations of the Caloric Nystagmus. Monatsschrift für Ohrenheilkunde, 1914, Vol. 48, No. 94. Report of 513 investigations in 131 cases with Brünings' otocalorimeter. The patients show an inconstant intensity of nystagmus; even normal ears in the same patient gives different results…. Acute inflammatory and catarrhal changes in the middle ear diminish the degree of reaction; chronic suppuration also diminishes irritability. (In speaking of the above diseased conditions the author refers only to them when they are limited to the middle ear. It is well known that acute inflammation of the inner ear increases vestibular irritability, and that chronic inner ear inflammation tends to diminish irritability.)

Zalewski T. Ueber den kalorischen Nystagmus auf Grund eigener Untersuchungen. Concerning Nystagmus Based on Experiments. Lidowski Tyg. Lek., 1914, Vol. 104, pp. 70–72. The possibility of a direct influence of warmth or cold on the vestibular nerve terminals or on the nerve itself cannot be excluded with certainty

Zalewski T. Ueber kalorischen Nystagmus. On Caloric Nystagmus. Polish. Society of Otolaryngology, Lemberg, 1913. Arch. f. Ohren., 1915, Vol. 97, p. 29

Kerrison Diseases of the Ear. Third ed., 1923, Lippincott, Phila., p. 281

Jansen A. Kobrak F. Praktische Ohrenheilkunde. Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin, 1918, pp. 34–40