6. Vaccine

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Cassell GH Archer GL Beam TR . Report of the ASM Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance. Washington, DC, 1994.

Infante-Rivard C Fernandez A . Otitis media in children: Frequency, risk factors, and research avenues. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:444–65.

Stool SE Berg AO Berman S . Otitis media with effusion in young children. Clinical practice guideline. AHCPR Publication No. 94-0622. Vol 12. Rockville, Md: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Paap CM . Management of otitis media with effusion in young children. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:1291–7.

Auinger P Lanphear BP Kalkwarf HJ Mansour ME . Trends in otitis media among children in the United States. Pediatrics 2003;112:514–20.

Baldwin RL . Effects of otitis media on child development. Am J Otol 1993;14:601–4.

Hunter LL Margolis RH Giebink GS . Identification of hearing loss in children with otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1994;103(suppl 163):59–61.

Teele DW Klein JO Chase C Menyuk P Rosner BA . Otitis media in infancy and intellectual ability, school achievement, speech, and language at age 7 years. Greater Boston Otitis Media Study Group. J Infect Dis 1990;162:685–94.

Alsarraf R Jung CJ Perkins J Crowley C Alsarraf NW Gates GA . Measuring the indirect and direct costs of acute otitis media. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:12–8.

Kaplan B Wandstrat TL Cunningham JR . Overall cost in the treatment of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16(suppl): S9–S11.

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Cantekin E Casselbrant M Doyle W Brostoff LM . Prospective study of eustachian tube function and otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD , Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker, 1988:58–60.

Faden H Waz MJ Bernstein JM Brodsky L Stanievich J Ogra PL . Nasopharyngeal flora in the first three years of life in normal and otitis-prone children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991;100:612–5.

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Bakaletz LO . Otitis media. In: Brogden KA Guthmiller JM , eds. Polymicrobial diseases. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2002:259–98.

Makela PH Leinonen M Pukander J Karma P . A study of the pneumococcal vaccine in prevention of clinically acute attacks of recurrent otitis media. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3(suppl): S124–S132.

Makela PH Karma P Sipila M Pukander J Leinonen M . Possibilities of preventing otitis media by vaccination. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1983(suppl 39):34–8.

Teele DW Klein JO Bratton L . Use of pneumococcal vaccine for prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in infants in Boston. The Greater Boston Collaborative Otitis Media Study Group. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3(suppl): S113–S118.

Sloyer JL Jr. Ploussard JH Howie VM . Efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in preventing acute otitis media in infants in Huntsville, Alabama. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3(suppl): S119–S123.

Shurin PA Rehmus JM Johnson CE . Bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin for prophylaxis of acute otitis media in high-risk children. J Pediatr 1993;123:801–10.

Faden H Bernstein J Brodsky L . Otitis media in children. I. The systemic immune response to nontypable Hemophilus influenzae. J Infect Dis 1989;160:999–1004.

Brunham RC Plummer FA Stephens RS . Bacterial antigenic variation, host immune response, and pathogen-host co-evolution. Infect Immun 1993;61:2273–6.

Murphy TF . Immunity to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: Elucidating protective responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:486–7.

Eskola J Kilpi T Palmu A . Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. N Engl J Med 2001;344:403–9.

Kilpi T Palmu A Leinonen M . Efficacy of a sevenvalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PncOMPC) against serotype-specific acute otitis media (AOM) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc). In: Abstracts of the 40th ICAAC, 2002.

Kilpi T Palmu A Leinonen M . Effect of a sevenvalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PncOMPC) on acute otitis media (AOM) due to other than vaccine-type Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) and efficacy by serotype after booster dose. In: Abstracts of the 40th ICAAC, 2002.

Palmu A Verho J Makela P . Long-term efficacy of the sevenvalent PncCRM vaccine on otitis media. In: Abstracts and Posters of the International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases, Anchorage, Alaska, 2002.

Palmu A Karma P Verho J . Effect of the seven valent PNCCRM vaccine on otitis-related surgery. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Casselbrant ML , eds. Abstracts of the Eighth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 2003:137.

Dagan R Sikuler-Cohen M Zamir O Janco J Givon-Lavi N Fraser D . Effect of a conjugate pneumococcal vaccine on the occurrence of respiratory infections and antibiotic use in day-care center attendees. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:951–8.

Veenhoven R Bogaert D Uiterwaal C . Effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine followed by polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine on recurrent acute otitis media: A randomised study. Lancet 2003;361:2189–95.

Dagan R Givon-Lavi N Zamir O . Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae after administration of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to toddlers attending day care centers. J Infect Dis 2002;185:927–36.

Ahman H Jokinen J Kilpi T . Immunogenicity of PncOMPC vaccine used in the FinOM Vaccine Trial. In: Abstracts of the 40th ICAAC, 2002.

MacKenzie G Leach A Morris P . An evaluation of the impact of the 7 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: Pneumococcal carriage and otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Casselbrant ML , eds. Abstracts of the Eighth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 2003:178.

Lakshman R Race G Shaw L . Effect of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in infancy and booster polysaccharide vaccine at 13 months on nasopharyngeal carriage of S pneumoniae in children aged 2 to 4 years. In: Abstracts of the 19th ESPID, Turkey, 2001.

Veenhoven RH Schilder AGM Rijkers GT . Effect of pneumococcal vaccination on acute otitis media and nasopharyngeal carriage in children with recurrent otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Casselbrant ML , eds. Abstracts of the Eighth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 2003:179.

Berry AM Ogunniyi AD Miller DC Paton JC . Comparative virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with insertion-duplication, point, and deletion mutations in the pneumolysin gene. Infect Immun 1999;67:981–5.

Paton JC Berry AM Lock RA . Molecular analysis of putative pneumococcal virulence proteins. Microb Drug Resist 1997;3:1–10.

Di Guilmi AM Dessen A . New approaches towards the identification of antibiotic and vaccine targets in Streptococcus pneumoniae. EMBO Rep 2002;3:728–34.

Rigden DJ Galperin MY Jedrzejas MJ . Analysis of structure and function of putative surface-exposed proteins encoded in the Streptococcus pneumoniae genome: A bioinformatics-based approach to vaccine and drug design. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2003;38:143–68.

Wizemann TM Heinrichs JH Adamou JE . Use of a whole genome approach to identify vaccine molecules affording protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 2001;69:1593–8.

Zysk G Bongaerts RJ ten Thoren E Bethe G Hakenbeck R Heinz HP . Detection of 23 immunogenic pneumococcal proteins using convalescent-phase serum. Infect Immun 2000;68:3740–3.

Adamou JE Heinrichs JH Erwin AL . Identification and characterization of a novel family of pneumococcal proteins that are protective against sepsis. Infect Immun 2001;69:949–58.

White P Hermansson A Svanborg C Briles D Prellner K . Effects of active immunization with a pneumococcal surface protein (PspA) and of locally applied antibodies in experimental otitis media. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1999;61:206–11.

Briles DE Hollingshead SK King J . Immunization of humans with recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (rPspA) elicits antibodies that passively protect mice from fatal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae bearing heterologous PspA. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1694–701.

Briles DE Ades E Paton JC . Intranasal immunization of mice with a mixture of the pneumococcal proteins PsaA and PspA is highly protective against nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2000;68:796–800.

Zhang Y Masi AW Barniak V Mountzouros K Hostetter MK Green BA . Recombinant PhpA protein, a unique histidine motif-containing protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae, protects mice against intranasal pneumococcal challenge. Infect Immun 2001;69:3827–36.

Balachandran P Brooks-Walter A Virolainen-Julkunen A Hollingshead SK Briles DE . Role of pneumococcal surface protein C in nasopharyngeal carriage and pneumonia and its ability to elicit protection against carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2002;70:2526–34.

Ogunniyi AD Folland RL Briles DE Hollingshead SK Paton JC . Immunization of mice with combinations of pneumococcal virulence proteins elicits enhanced protection against challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2000;68:3028–33.

Ogunniyi AD Woodrow MC Poolman JT Paton JC . Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae elicited by immunization with pneumolysin and CbpA. Infect Immun 2001;69:5997–6003.

Briles DE Hollingshead SK Nabors GS Paton JC Brooks-Walter A . The potential for using protein vaccines to protect against otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2000;19(suppl 1): S87–S95.

Bolduc GR Bouchet V Jiang RZ . Variability of outer membrane protein P1 and its evaluation as a vaccine candidate against experimental otitis media due to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: An unambiguous, multifaceted approach. Infect Immun 2000;68:4505–17.

Cates GA Yang YP Klyushnichenko V Oomen R Loosmore SM . Properties of recombinant HtrA: An otitis media vaccine candidate antigen from non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Dev Biol (Basel) 2000;103:201–4.

Kyd JM Cripps AW Novotny LA Bakaletz LO . Efficacy of the 26-kilodalton outer membrane protein and two P5 fimbrin-derived immunogens to induce clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from the rat middle ear and lungs as well as from the chinchilla middle ear and nasopharynx. Infect Immun 2003;71:4691–9.

Neary JM Yi K Karalus RJ Murphy TF . Antibodies to loop 6 of the P2 porin protein of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae are bactericidal against multiple strains. Infect Immun 2001;69:773–8.

Hiltke TJ Sethi S Murphy TF . Sequence stability of the gene encoding outer membrane protein P2 of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the human respiratory tract. J Infect Dis 2002;185:627–31.

Novotny LA Pichichero ME Denoel PA . Detection and characterization of pediatric serum antibody to the OMP P5-homologous adhesin of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae during acute otitis media. Vaccine 2002;20:3590–7.

Cutter D Mason KW Howell AP Fink DL Green BA St Geme JW III . Immunization with Haemophilus influenzae Hap adhesin protects against nasopharyngeal colonization in experimental mice. J Infect Dis 2002;186:1115–21.

Fink DL Buscher AZ Green B Fernsten P St Geme JW III . The Haemophilus influenzae Hap autotransporter mediates microcolony formation and adherence to epithelial cells and extracellular matrix via binding regions in the C-terminal end of the passenger domain. Cell Microbiol 2003;5:175–86.

Webb DC Cripps AW . Immunization with recombinant transferrin binding protein B enhances clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from the rat lung. Infect Immun 1999;67:2138–44.

Kodama S Suenaga S Hirano T Suzuki M Mogi G . Induction of specific immunoglobulin A and Th2 immune responses to P6 outer membrane protein of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in middle ear mucosa by intranasal immunization. Infect Immun 2000;68:2294–300.

Sabirov A Kodama S Hirano T Suzuki M Mogi G . Intranasal immunization enhances clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and reduces stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha production in the murine model of otitis media. Infect Immun 2001;69:2964–71.

Hotomi M Yamanaka N Shimada J . Intranasal immunization with recombinant outer membrane protein P6 induces specific immune responses against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002;65:109–16.

Green BA Olmsted SB Vazquez M . A clinical vaccine formulation for Haemophilus influenzae otitis media containing recombinant P4 and P6 outer membrane proteins. In: Tos M Thomsen J Balle V , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Third Extraordinary International Symposium. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Kugler Publications, 1998:355–62.

Lang D . Safety evaluation of toxin adjuvants delivered intranasally. Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID (online). 2001 posting date.

Johnson DA Keegan DS Sowell CG . 3-O-Desacyl monophosphoryl lipid A derivatives: Synthesis and immunostimulant activities. J Med Chem 1999;42:4640–9.

Ueyama T Gu XX Tsai CM Karpas AB Lim DJ . Identification of common lipooligosaccharide types in isolates from patients with otitis media by monoclonal antibodies against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae 9274. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999;6:96–100.

Rahman MM Gu XX Tsai CM Kolli VS Carlson RW . The structural heterogeneity of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) expressed by pathogenic non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae strain NTHi 9274. Glycobiology 1999;9:1371–80.

Hou Y Gu XX . Development of peptide mimotopes of lipooligosaccharide from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as vaccine candidates. J Immunol 2003;170:4373–9.

Gu XX Rudy SF Chu C . Phase I study of a lipooligosaccharide-based conjugate vaccine against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Vaccine 2003;21:2107–14.

Hirano T Hou Y Jiao X Gu XX . Intranasal immunization with a lipooligosaccharide-based conjugate vaccine from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae enhances bacterial clearance in mouse nasopharynx. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003;35:1–10.

Wu TH Gu XX . Outer membrane proteins as a carrier for detoxified lipooligosaccharide conjugate vaccines for nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1999;67:5508–13.

Fulghum RS Marrow HG . Experimental otitis media with Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:234–41.

Chung MH Enrique R Lim DJ De Maria TF . Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis-induced experimental otitis media in the chinchilla. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1994;114:415–22.

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Bakaletz LO Murwin DM Billy JM . Adenovirus serotype 1 does not act synergistically with Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis to induce otitis media in the chinchilla. Infect Immun 1995;63:4188–90.

Thanassi WT Schoen RT . The Lyme disease vaccine: Conception, development, and implementation. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:661–8.

Luke CJ Marshall MA Zahradnik JM Bybel M Menefee BE Barbour AG . Growth-inhibiting antibody responses of humans vaccinated with recombinant outer surface protein A or infected with Borrelia burgdorferi or both. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1062–8.

Chen D McMichael JC VanDerMeid KR . Evaluation of purified UspA from Moraxella catarrhalis as a vaccine in a murine model after active immunization. Infect Immun 1996;64:1900–5.

Helminen ME Maciver I Latimer JL . A large, antigenically conserved protein on the surface of Moraxella catarrhalis is a target for protective antibodies. J Infect Dis 1994;170:867–72.

Murphy TF Kyd JM John A Kirkham C Cripps AW . Enhancement of pulmonary clearance of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis following immunization with outer membrane protein CD in a mouse model. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1667–75.

Pearson MM Lafontaine ER Wagner NJ St Geme JW III Hansen EJ . A hag mutant of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O35E is deficient in hemagglutination, autoagglutination, and immunoglobulin D-binding activities. Infect Immun 2002;70:4523–33.

Forsgren A Brant M Mollenkvist A . Isolation and characterization of a novel IgD-binding protein from Moraxella catarrhalis. J Immunol 2001;167:2112–20.

Bhushan R Kirkham C Sethi S Murphy TF . Antigenic characterization and analysis of the human immune response to outer membrane protein E of Branhamella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1997;65:2668–75.

Gu XX Chen J Barenkamp SJ . Synthesis and characterization of lipooligosaccharide-based conjugates as vaccine candidates for Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1998;66:1891–7.

Hu WG Chen J Battey JF Gu XX . Enhancement of clearance of bacteria from murine lungs by immunization with detoxified lipooligosaccharide from Moraxella catarrhalis conjugated to proteins. Infect Immun 2000;68:4980–5.

Hu WG Chen J McMichael JC Gu XX . Functional characteristics of a protective monoclonal antibody against serotype A and C lipooligosaccharides from Moraxella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 2001;69:1358–63.

Myers LE Yang YP Du RP . The transferrin binding protein B of Moraxella catarrhalis elicits bactericidal antibodies and is a potential vaccine antigen. Infect Immun 1998;66:4183–92.

Aebi C Cope LD Latimer JL . Mapping of a protective epitope of the CopB outer membrane protein of Moraxella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1998;66:540–8.

Helminen ME Maciver I Latimer JL Cope LD McCracken GH Jr. Hansen EJ . A major outer membrane protein of Moraxella catarrhalis is a target for antibodies that enhance pulmonary clearance of the pathogen in an animal model. Infect Immun 1993;61:2003–10.

Hu WG Chen J Collins FM Gu XX . An aerosol challenge mouse model for Moraxella catarrhalis. Vaccine 1999;18:799–804.

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Hou Y Hu WG Hirano T Gu XX . A new intra-NALT route elicits mucosal and systemic immunity against Moraxella catarrhalis in a mouse challenge model. Vaccine 2002;20:2375–81.

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Post JC . Direct evidence of bacterial biofilms in otitis media. Laryngoscope 2001;111:2083–94.

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Arulanandam BP Lynch JM Briles DE Hollingshead S Metzger DW . Intranasal vaccination with pneumococcal surface protein A and interleukin-12 augments antibody-mediated opsonization and protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 2001;69:6718–24.

Lynch JM Briles DE Metzger DW . Increased protection against pneumococcal disease by mucosal administration of conjugate vaccine plus interleukin-12. Infect Immun 2003;71:4780–8.

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Clements DA Langdon L Bland C Walter E . Influenza A vaccine decreases the incidence of otitis media in 6- to 30-month-old children in day care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:1113–7.

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