Roles of Free Radicals,Nitric Oxide,and Scavenging Enzymes in Nasal Polyp Development

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO), free oxygen radicals, and scavenging enzymes in the development of nasal polyp (NP) disease. This study included 41 patients who underwent endoscopic surgery because of NPs. Control specimens were taken from the inferior turbinate of 32 patients who underwent septoplasty. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in intraoperative specimens of polyp tissue and turbinate mucosa. The levels of tissue NO were 191.06 ± 26.62 μmol/mg of protein in patients with NPs and 145.30 ± 19.19 μmol/mg of protein (p < .001) in the control group. The levels of MDA in the study and control groups were 12.47 ± 2.12 nmol/mg and 8.83 ± 1.08 nmol/mg (p < .01), respectively. The levels of SOD in the study and control groups were 50.77 ± 14.74 U/mg and 77.93 ± 15.31 U/mg (p < .001), respectively. It was determined that the levels of MDA in plasma and erythrocytes were higher in the patients with NPs than in the control group (p < .05). The levels of NO in plasma and erythrocytes in both groups were similar. The levels of SOD in plasma and erythrocytes were lower in patients with NPs than in the control group (p > .05). Increases in the levels of tissue MDA and NO and decreases in scavenging enzymes in patients with NPs as compared to control groups may indicate the presence of free radical damage in patients with nasal NPs. New studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of using antioxidants in the treatment of NPs.

Keywords

antioxidant free oxygen radical nasal polyp nitric oxide

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Watkins

Lewis

Basclain

. Expression and localization of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in nasal polyp epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 211–9.

Triglia

Nicollas

. Nasal and sinus polyposis in children. Laryngoscope 1997; 107: 963–6.

Persson

Svensson

Greiff

. The use of the nose to study the inflammatory response of the respiratory tract. Thorax 1992; 47: 993–1000.

Slavin

. Allergy is not a significant cause of nasal polyps [Letter]. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 118: 771.

Caplin

Haynes

Spahn

. Are nasal polyps an allergic phenomenon? Ann Allergy 1971; 29: 631–4.

Settipane

Chafee

. Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1977; 59: 17–21.

Holopainen

Mäkinen

Paavolainen

Palva

Salo

. Nasal polyposis. Relationships to allergy and acetylsalicylic acid intolerance. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1979; 87: 330–4.

Moncada

Higgs

. The l-arginine–nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 2002–12.

Moncada

Palmer

Higgs

. Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 109–42.

10.

Hess

Bloch

Rocker

Addicks

Stennert

Michel

. In vitro expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the nasal mucosa of guinea pigs after incubation with lipopolysaccharides or cytokines. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1998; 255: 448–53.

11.

Ryan

Bennett

. Nitric oxide contributes to control of effusion in experimental otitis media. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 301–5.

12.

John

Russell

Nam

Jinn

Jung

. Concentration of nitric oxide metabolites in middle ear effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001; 60: 55–8.

13.

Parks

Huang

Haddad

Jr . Evidence of oxygen radical injury in experimental otitis media. Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 1389–92.

14.

Friedman

Shah

Takoudes

Haddad

Jr . The role of free radicals in chronic rhinosinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128: 1055–7.

15.

Cortas

Wakid

. Determination of inorganic nitrate in serum and urine by a kinetic cadmium-reduction method. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 1440–3.

16.

Ohkawa

Ohishi

Yagi

. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95: 351–8.

17.

Satoh

. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 90: 37–43.

18.

Yagi

. Assay of blood plasma or serum. Methods Enzymol 1984; 105: 328–31.

19.

Draper

Hadley

. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 421–31.

20.

Jain

. Evidence for membrane lipid peroxidation during the in vivo aging of human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 937: 205–10.

21.

Sun

Oberley

. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 497–500.

22.

Fairbank

Farias

. Biochemical aspects of hematology. In: Tietz

, ed. Textbook of clinical chemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders, 1986: 1506–7.

23.

Lowry

Rosebrough

Farr

Randall

. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265–75.

24.

Lowenstein

Dinerman

Snyder

. Nitric oxide: A physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 227–37.

25.

Jackson

Vita

Keaney

Jr . Ascorbate prevents the interaction of superoxide and nitric oxide only at very high physiological concentrations. Circ Res 1998; 83: 916–22.

26.

Cross

Halliwell

Borish

. Oxygen radicals and human disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 526–45.

27.

Djukanovic

. Nasal polyps — a model of chronic respiratory mucosal inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 582–5.

28.

Ramis

Lorente

Rosello-Catafau

Quesada

Gelpi

Bulbena

. Differential activity of nitric oxide synthase in human nasal mucosa and polyps. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 202–6.

29.

Furukawa

Harrison

Saleh

Shennib

Chagnon

Giaid

. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 847–50.

30.

Niu

Smith

Kubes

. Intracellular oxidative stress induced by nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases endothelial cell adhesion to neutrophils. Circ Res 1994; 74: 1133–40.

31.

Beauvais

Michel

Dubertret

. The nitric oxide donors, azide and hydroxylamine, inhibit the programmed cell death of cytokine-deprived human eosinophils. FEBS Lett 1995; 361: 229–32.

32.

Mayhan

. Nitric oxide accounts for histamine-induced increases in macromolecular extravasation. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: H2369–H2373.

33.

McCord

. Oxygen radicals and lung injury. The state of the art. Chest 1983; 83(suppl): 35S–37S.

34.

Ernster

. Biochemistry of reoxygenation injury. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: 947–53.

35.

Kanai

Denburg

Jordana

Dolovich

. Nasal polyp inflammation. Effect of topical nasal steroid. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1094–100.

36.

Kawabori

Denburg

Schwartz

. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of mast cells in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6: 37–43.

37.

Dogru

Delibas

Doner

Tuz

Uygur

. Free radical damage in nasal polyp tissue. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 124: 570–2.