Central Facilitation of the Glottic Closure Reflex in Humans

Abstract

The sphincteric function of the larynx, essential to lower airway protection, is most efficiently achieved through strong reflex adduction by both vocal cords. We hypothesize that central facilitation is an essential component of a bilateral adductor reflex and that its disturbance could result in weakened sphincteric closure. Five patients during supraglottic laryngectomy underwent evoked response laryngeal electromyography under 0.5 and 1.0 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane anesthesia. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was stimulated through bipolar platinum-iridium electrodes, and recording electrodes were positioned in the ipsilateral and contralateral thyroarytenoid muscles. Consistent threshold responses were obtained ipsilaterally from 0.5 to 1.0 MAC anesthesia. However, the contralateral reflex responses approached 0% in successive trials as anesthetic levels approached 1.0 MAC. In human subjects, alteration of central facilitation by deepening anesthesia abolishes the crossed adductor reflex, predisposing to a weakened glottic closure response. A precise understanding of this effect may improve the prevention of aspiration in patients emerging from prolonged sedation or under heavy psychotropic control.