7. Vaccine

Gates GA . Cost-effectiveness considerations in otitis media treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;114:525–30.

Paradise JL Rockette HE Colborn DK . Otitis media in 2253 Pittsburgh-area infants: Prevalence and risk factors during the first Two years of life. Pediatrics 1997;99:318–33.

Teele DW Klein JO Rosner B . Middle ear disease and the practice of pediatrics. JAMA 1983;249:1026–9.

Teele DW Klein JO Rosner B . Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: A prospective, cohort study. J Infect Dis 1989;160:83–94.

Marchant CD Shurin PA Turczyk VA . Course and outcome of otitis media in early infancy: A prospective study. J Pediatr 1984;104:826–31.

Teele DW Klein JO Chase C . Otitis media in infancy and intellectual ability, school achievement, speech, and language at age 7 years. J Infect Dis 1990;162:685–94.

Wallace IF Gravel JS McCarton CM . Otitis media and language development at 1 year of age. J Speech Hear Dis 1988;53:245–51.

Cantekin EI Casselbrant ML Doyle WJ . Prospective study of eustachian tube function and otitis media. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker, 1988:58–60.

Faden H Waz MJ Bernstein JM . Nasopharyngeal flora in the first three years of life in normal and otitis-prone children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991;100:612–5.

Ambrosino DM Umetsu DT Siber GR . Selective defect in the antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b in children with recurrent infections and normal serum IgG subclass levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988;81:1175–9.

Makela PH Leinonen M Pukander J . A study of the pneumococcal vaccine in prevention of clinically acute attacks of recurrent otitis media. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:S124–S130.

Makela PH Karma P Sipila M . Possibilities of preventing otitis media by vaccination. Scand J Infect Dis 1983;39:34–8.

Teele DW , Klein JO, and The Greater Boston Collaborative Otitis Media Study Group. Use of pneumococcal vaccine for prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in infants in Boston. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:S113–S118.

Sloyer JL Jr Ploussard JH Howie VM . Efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in preventing acute otitis media in infants in Huntsville, Alabama. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:S119–S123.

Shurin PA Rehmus JM Johnson CE . Bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin for prophylaxis of acute otitis media in high-risk children. J Pediatr 1993;123:801–10.

Faden H Bernstein J Brodsky L . Otitis media in children. I. The systemic immune response to nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. J Infect Dis 1989;160:999–1004.

Brunham RC Plummer FA Stephens RS . Bacterial antigenic variation, host immune response, and pathogen-host co-evolution. Infect Immun 1993;61:2273–6.

Karma P Pukander J Sipilä M . Prevention of otitis media in children by pneumococcal vaccination. Am J Otolaryngol 1985;6:173–84.

Giebink GC Koskela M Vella PP . Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccines: Immunogenicity and efficacy in experimental pneumococcal otitis media. J Infect Dis 1993;167:347–55.

Lee CJ Lock RA Andrew PW . Protection of infant mice from challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F by immunization with a type 19F polysaccharide–pneumolysoid conjugate. Vaccine 1994;12:875–8.

Vella PP Marburg S Staub JM . Immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines consisting of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide types 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F and a meningococcal outer membrane protein complex. Infect Immun 1992;60:4977–83.

Schneerson R Levi L Robbins JB . Synthesis of a conjugate vaccine composed of pneumococcus type 14 capsular polysaccharide bound to pertussis toxin. Infect Immun 1992;60:3528–32.

Steinhoff MC Edwards K Keyseling H . A randomized comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: Effect of polysaccharide size and linkage characteristics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:368–72.

Sarnaik S Kaplan J Schiffman G . Studies on pneumococcus vaccine alone or mixed with DTP and on pneumococcus type 6B and Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide–tetanus toxoid conjugates in two- to five-year-old children with sickle cell anemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:181–6.

Siber GR . Pneumococcal disease: Prospects for a new generation of vaccines. Science 1994;265:1385–7.

Lock RA Paton JC Hansman D . Comparative efficacy of pneumococcal neuraminidase and pneumolysin as immunogens protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 1988;5:461–7.

Paton JC Morona JK Harrer S . Immunization of mice with Salmonella typhimurium C5 aroA expressing a genetically toxoided derivative of the pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin. Microb Pathog 1993;14:95–102.

Alexander JE Lock RA Peeters CCAM . Immunization of mice with pneumolysin toxoid confers a significant degree of protection against at least nine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1994;62:5683–8.

Briles DE Yother J McDaniel LS . Role of pneumococcal surface protein A in the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:S372–S374.

McDaniel LS Scott G Kearney JF . Monoclonal antibodies against protease-sensitive pneumococcal antigens can protect mice from fatal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Exp Med 1984;160:386–97.

Avery OT Goebel WF . Chemoimmunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate proteins. II. Immunologic specificity of synthetic sugar-protein antigens. J Exp Med 1929;50:533–50.

Klein DL . Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: Review and update. Microb Drug Resist 1995;1:49–58.

Kayhty H Eskola J . New vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal infections. Emerg Infect Dis 1996;2:289–98.

Rennels MB Edwards KM Keyserling HL . Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM 197 in United States infants. Pediatrics 1998;101:604–11.

Shinefield HR Black S Ray P . Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;18:757–63.

Black S Shinefield H Fireman B . Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:187–95.

Eskola J Kilpi T , The Finnish Otitis Media (FinOM) Study Group. Efficacy of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PncCRM) against serotype-specific, culture-confirmed pneumococcal acute otitis media (AOM) in infants and children. In: Abstracts of the 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, Calif, 1999.

Yamamoto M Briles DE Yamamoto S . A nontoxic adjuvant for mucosal immunity to pneumococcal surface protein A. J Immunol 1998;161:4115–21.

Quataert SA Kirch CS Wiedl LJ . Assignment of weight-based antibody units to a human antipneumococcal standard reference serum, lot 89-S. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1995;2:590–7.

Plikaytis BD Goldblatt D Frasch CE . An analytical model applied to a multi-center pneumococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:2043–50.

Ogra PL Barenkamp KJ Mogi G . Microbiology, immunology, and vaccination. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Casselbrant ML , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Report of the Sixth Research Conference. Ann Otol Rhinol Suppl Laryngol 1998;107(suppl 174):38–49.

Chong P Yang YP Persaud D . Immunogenicity of synthetic peptides of Haemophilus influenzae type b outer membrane protein P1. Infect Immun 1995;63:3751–8.

Chong P Chan N Kandil A . A strategy for rational design of fully synthetic glycopeptide conjugate vaccines. Infect Immun 1997;65:4918–25.

Kyd JM Dunkley ML Cripps AW . Enhanced respiratory clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae following mucosal immunization with P6 in a rat model. Infect Immun 1995;63:2931–40.

DeMaria TF Murwin DM Leake ER . Immunization with outer membrane protein P6 from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae induces bactericidal antibody and affords protection in the chinchilla model of otitis media. Infect Immun 1996;64:5187–92.

Green BA Vazquez ME Zlotnick GW . Evaluation of mixtures of purified Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane proteins in protection against challenge with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the chinchilla otitis media model. Infect Immun 1993;61:1950–7.

Hotomi M Saito T Yamanaka N . Specific mucosal immunity and enhanced nasopharyngeal clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae after intranasal immunization with outer membrane protein P6 and cholera toxin. Vaccine 1998;16:1950–6.

Badr WH Loghmanee D Karalus RJ . Immunization of mice with P6 of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: Kinetics of the antibody response and IgG subclasses. Vaccine 1999;18:29–37.

Kyd JM Cripps AW . Potential of a novel protein, OMP26, from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae to enhance pulmonary clearance in a rat model. Infect Immun 1998;66:2272–8.

El-Adhami W Kyd JM Bastin DA . Characterization of the gene encoding a 26-kilodalton protein (OMP26) from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and immune responses to the recombinant protein. Infect Immun 1999;67:1935–42.

Bakaletz LO Leake ER Billy JM . Relative immunogenicity and efficacy of Two synthetic chimeric peptides of fimbrin as vaccinogens against nasopharyngeal colonization by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the chinchilla. Vaccine 1997;15:955–61.

Bakaletz LO Kennedy BJ Novotny LA . Protection against development of otitis media induced by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae by both active and passive immunization in a chinchilla model of virus-bacterium superinfection. Infect Immun 1999;67:2746–62.

Webb DC Cripps AW . A P5 peptide that is homologous to peptide 10 of OprF from Pseudomonas aeruginosa enhances clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from acutely infected rat lung in the absence of detectable peptide-specific antibody. Infect Immun 2000;68:377–81.

Webb DC Cripps AW . Secondary structure and molecular analysis of interstrain variability in the P5 outer-membrane protein of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae isolated from diverse anatomical sites. J Med Microbiol 1998;47:1059–67.

Duim B Bowler LD Eijk PP . Molecular variation in the major outer membrane protein P5 gene of nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae during chronic infections. Infect Immun 1997;65:1351–6.

Kennedy BJ Novotny LA Jurcisek JA . Passive transfer of antiserum specific for immunogens derived from a nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae adhesin and lipoprotein D prevents otitis media after heterologous challenge. Infect Immun 2000;68:2756–65.

Akkoyunlu M Janson H Ruan M . Biological activity of serum antibodies to a nonacylated form of lipoprotein D of Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1996;64:4586–92.

Akkoyunlu M Forsgren A . Local and systemic antibody levels against protein D of Haemophilus influenzae following immunization and infection in rats. APMIS 1996;104:709–17.

Akkoyunlu M Melhus A Capiau C . The acylated form of protein D of Haemophilus influenzae is more immunogenic than the nonacylated form and elicits an adjuvant effect when it is used as a carrier conjugated to polyribosyl ribitol phosphate. Infect Immun 1997;65:5010–6.

Webb DC Cripps AW . Immunization with recombinant transferrin binding protein B enhances clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from the rat lung. Infect Immun 1999;67:2138–44.

Loosmore SM Yang YP Coleman DC . Outer membrane protein D15 is conserved among Haemophilus influenzae species and may represent a universal protective antigen against invasive disease. Infect Immun 1997;65:3701–7.

Yang YP Thomas WR Chong P . A 20-kilodalton n-terminal fragment of the d15 protein contains a protective epitope(s) against Haemophilus influenzae type a and type b. Infect Immun 1998;66:3349–54.

Barenkamp SJ St Geme JW III . Identification of surface-exposed B-cell epitopes on high molecular-weight adhesion proteins of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1996;64:3032–7.

Loosmore SM Yang YP Oomen R . The Haemophilus influenzae HtrA protein is a protective antigen. Infect Immun 1998;66:899–906.

Gu XX Sun JS . Detoxified lipooligosaccharide from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae conjugated to proteins confers protection against otitis media in chinchillas. Infect Immun 1997;65:4488–93.

Helminen ME Maciver I Latimer JL . A large, anti-genically conserved protein on the surface of Moraxella catarrhalis is a target for protective antibodies. J Infect Dis 1994;170:867–72.

Maciver I Unhanand M McCracken GH Jr . Effect of immunization on pulmonary clearance of Moraxella catarrhalis in an animal model. J Infect Dis 1993;168:469–72.

Gu XX Chen J Barenkamp SJ . Synthesis and characterization of lipooligosaccharide-based conjugates as vaccine candidates for Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1998;66:1891–7.

Luke NR Russo TA Luther N . Use of an isogenic mutant constructed in Moraxella catarrhalis to identify a protective epitope of outer membrane protein B1 defined by monoclonal antibody 11C6. Infect Immun 1999;67:681–7.

Belshe RB Mendelman PM Treanor J . The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1405–12.

Kurono Y Yamamoto M Fujihashi K . Nasal immunization induces Haemophilus influenzae–specific Th1 and Th2 responses with mucosal IgA and systemic igG antibodies for protective immunity. J Infect Dis 1999;180:122–32.

Yamamoto S Kiyono H Yamamoto M . A nontoxic mutant of cholera toxin elicits Th2-type responses for enhanced mucosal immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:5267–72.

Heikkinen T Ruuskanen O Waris M . Influenza vaccination in the prevention of acute otitis media in children. Am J Dis Child 1991;145:445–8.

Clements DA Langdon L Bland C . Influenza A vaccine decreases the incidence of otitis media in 6- to 30-month-old children in day care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:1113–7.

Englund JA . Prevention strategies for respiratory syncytial virus: Passive and active immunization. J Pediatr 1999;135:38–44.

Karron RA Ambrosino DM . Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:919–20.

Simoes EA Groothuis JR Tristram DA . Respiratory syncytial virus–enriched globulin for the prevention of acute otitis media in high risk children. J Pediatr 1996;129:214–9.

Conner E, Prevent Study Group. Reduction of hospitalization among premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis. Pediatrics 1997;97:137–40.

Fisher RG Gruber WC Edwards KM . Twenty years of outpatient respiratory syncytial virus infection: A framework for vaccine efficacy trials. Pediatrics 1997;99:E7.

Ewasyshyn M Cates G Jackson G . Prospects for a parainfluenza virus vaccine. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997;16:280–1.

Crowe JE Jr . Immune responses of infants to infection with respiratory viruses and live attenuated respiratory virus candidate vaccines. Vaccine 1998;16:1423–32.

Karron RA Wright PF Newman FK . A live human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine is attenuated and immunogenic in healthy infants and children. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1445–50.

Karron RA Wright PF Hall SL . A live attenuated bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine is safe, infectious, immunogenic, and phenotypically stable in infants and children. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1107–14.