5. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry

Schousboe LP . Otitis media with effusion is an inflammatory condition. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:245.

Maxwell K Leonard G Kreutzer DL . Cytokine expression in otitis media with effusion. Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:984–8.

Ball SS Prazma J Dais CG . Role of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in endotoxin-induced middle ear effusions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:633–9.

Storgaard M Larsen K Blegvad S . Interleukin-8 and chemotactic activity of middle ear effusions. J Infect Dis 1997;175:474–7.

Nassif PS Simpson SQ Izzo AA . Interleukin-8 concentration predicts the neutrophil count in middle ear effusion. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1223–7.

Chonmaitree T Patel J Garofalo R . Role of leukotriene B4 and interleukin-8 in acute bacterial and viral otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:968–74.

Heikkinen T Ghaffar F Okorodudu AO . Serum interleukin-6 in bacterial and nonbacterial acute otitis media. Pediatrics 1998;102:296–9.

Pitkaranta A Hovi T Karma P . Interferon production by leukocytes in children with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996;34:25–33.

Hebda PA Alper CM Doyle WJ . Upregulation of messenger RNA for inflammatory cytokines in middle ear mucosa in a rat model of acute otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:501–8.

Melhus Å Ryan AF . Competitive PCR for cytokine genes during experimental otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:69.

Ryan AF Luo L . Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the mouse middle ear mucosa during immune-mediated chronic otitis media. In: Tos M Thomasen J Balle V , eds. Otitis media today. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Kugler, 1999:175–9.

Kurono Y Hirono T Watanabe T . The role of IL-1 beta in murine model of otitis media with effusion. J Otorhinolaryngol Soc Japan 1998;101:1093–8.

Yoshioka I Himi T Kataura A . In vivo induction and regulation of interleukin-8-like chemokine GRO/CINC-1 in rat middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:719–23.

Johnson M Leonard G Kreutzer DL . Murine model of interleukin-8-induced otitis media. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1405–8.

Furukawa M Kubo N Yamashita T . Biochemical evidence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human middle ear effusions. Laryngoscope 1995;105:188–91.

Ohno Y Ohashi Y Sugiura Y . Effect of platelet activating factor on the tubotympanic mucosa and inner ear in the guinea pig. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:876–84.

Rhee CG Park YS Long SA . Effects of platelet activating factor on vascular permeability of the middle ear mucosa. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:604–7.

Ondrey FG Juhn SK Adams GL . Early-response cytokine expression in adult middle ear effusions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:342–5.

Tachibana F Shimada T Hori Y . Platelet-activating factor and leukotrienes in acute otitis media, secretory otitis media, and chronic otitis media on the acute exacerbation. Auris Nasus Larynx 1996;23:20–5.

Swarts JD Westcott JY Chan KH . Eicosanoid synthesis and inactivation in healthy and infected chinchilla middle ears. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:845–50.

Cooter MS Eisma RJ Burleson JA . Transforming growth factor–β expression in otitis media with effusion. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1066–70.

Oehl H Ryan A . Expression of genes encoding growth factor receptors in the middle ear mucosa. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:70.

Ryan AF Oehl H Melhus Å . Influence of growth factors on the middle ear mucosa. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:74.

Ryan AF Luo L Baird A . Implantation of cells transfected with the FGF-1 gene induces middle ear mucosal proliferation. In: Lim DJ Bluestone CD Casselbrant M , eds. Recent advances in otitis media. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium. Hamilton, Canada: BC Decker, 1996:248–50.

Melhus Å Ryan AF . Molecular markers for bone formation during bacterial otitis media in the rat. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:248.

Mondain M Ryan AF . Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor are induced in guinea pig tympanic membrane following traumatic perforation. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1995;115:50–4.

Mondain M Renard N Ryan AF . Neutralizing antibodies against basic fibroblast growth factor influence the healing of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations. J Otorhinolaryngol 1995;57:28–32.

Narkio-Makela M Meri S . Expression of protectin (CD59), an inhibitor of the membrane attack complex of complement in otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:78.

John EO Nam GH Jung TTK . Concentration of nitric oxide in middle ear effusion. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:83.

Jennings CR Collins HM Guo L . The analysis of middle ear effusion for matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:84.

Li W Lin J Adams G . Effect of cytokines on iNOS expression of middle ear epithelial cells. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:86.

Parks RR Huang CC Haddad J . Superoxide dismutase in animal model of otitis media. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995;252:153–8.

Ball SS Prazma J Dais D . Nitric oxide: Mediator of endotoxin-induced middle ear effusions. Laryngoscope 1996;106:1021–7.

Rose AS Prazma J Randell SH . Nitric oxide mediates mucin secretion in endotoxin-induced otitis media with effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;116:308–16.

Park YS Rowe MR Kim PD . Effect of inhibitors of leukotriene and/or platelet-activating factor on experimental otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium in Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:103.

Sutbeyaz Y Yakan B Ozdemir H . Effect of SC-41930, a potent selective leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, in the guinea pig model of middle ear inflammation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:476–80.

Lin J Juhn SK Adams GL . Dexamethasone inhibits mucous glycoprotein secretion via a phospholipase A2-dependent mechanism in cultured chinchilla middle ear epithelial cells. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:406–13.

Tanaka T Kurono Y Kawauchi H . Effect of oxatomide on otitis media with effusion — An experimental study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1995;115:532–8.

Enomoto F Ichikawa G Nagaoka I . Evaluation of the effect of erythromycin on otitis media with effusion in experimental rat models. J Otorhinolaryngol Soc Jpn 1996;99:1126–35.

Bujia J Kim C Ostos-Aumente P . Enhanced epithelial proliferation due to elevated levels of interleukin-1 receptors in middle ear cholesteatomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1997;254:6–8.

Shiwa M Kojima H Moriyama H . Expression of transforming growth factor–α (TGF-α) in cholesteatoma. J Laryngol Otol 1998;112:750–4.

Bujia J Kim C Boyle D . Quantitative analysis of interleukin-1-alpha gene expression in middle ear cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 1996;106:217–20.

Kim CS Lee CH Chung JW . Interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-8 gene expression in human aural cholesteatomas. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1996;116:302–6.

Bujia J Kim C Ostos-Aumente P . Role of interleukin 6 in epithelial hyperproliferation and bone resorption in middle ear cholesteatomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1996;253:152–7.

Amar MS Wishahi HF Zakhary MM . Clinical and biochemical studies of bone destruction in cholesteatoma. J Laryngol Otol 1996;110:534–9.

Park KH Chun YM Lee DH . Signal transduction pathway in human middle ear cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:899–904.

Sudhoff H Dazert S Gonzales AM . Angiogenesis and angiogenic growth factors in middle ear cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 2000;21:793–8.

Albino AP Reed JA Bogdany JK . Expression of P53 protein in human middle ear cholesteatomas: Pathogenetic implications. Am J Otol 1998;19:30–6.

Smith-Vaughan HC Sriprakash KS Mathews JD . Nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in Aboriginal infants with otitis media: Prolonged carriage of P2 porin variants and evidence for horizontal P2 gene transfer. Infect Immun 1997;65:1468–74.

St Geme JW III Kumar VV Cutter D . Prevalence and distribution of the hmw and hia genes and the HMW and Hia adhesins among genetically diverse strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1998;66:364–8.

St Geme JW III Grass S . Secretion of the Haemophilus influenzae HMW1 and HMW2 adhesins involves a periplasmic intermediate and requires the HMWB and HMWC proteins. Mol Microbiol 1998;27:617–30.

El-Adhami W Kyd JM Bastin DA . Characterization of the gene encoding a 26-kilodalton protein (OMP26) from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and immune responses to the recombinant protein. Infect Immun 1999;67:1935–42.

Dawid S Barenkamp SJ St Geme JW III . Variation in expression of the Haemophilus influenzae HMW adhesins: A prokaryotic system reminiscent of eukaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:1077–82.

Ren Z Jin H Morton DJ . hgpB, a gene encoding a second Haemophilus influenzae hemoglobin- and hemoglobin-haptoglobin-binding protein. Infect Immun 1998;66:4733–41.

Weiser JN Markiewicz Z Tuomanen EI . Relationship between phase variation in colony morphology, intrastrain variation in cell wall physiology, and nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1996;64:2240–5.

Swiatlo E Brooks-Walter A Briles DE . Oligonucleotides identify conserved and variable regions of pspA and pspA-like sequences of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Gene 1997;188:279–84.

Aebi C Cope LD Latimer JL . Mapping of a protective epitope of the CopB outer membrane protein of Moraxella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1998;66:540–8.

Du RP Wang Q Yang YP . Cloning and expression of the Moraxella catarrhalis lactoferrin receptor genes. Infect Immun 1998;66:3656–65.

Bonnah RA Wong H Loosmore SM . Characterization of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis lbpB, lbpA, and lactoferrin receptor orf3 isogenic mutants. Infect Immun 1999;67:1517–20.

Luke NR Russo TA Luther N . Use of an isogenic mutant constructed in Moraxella catarrhalis to identify a protective epitope of outer membrane protein B1 defined by monoclonal antibody 11C6. Infect Immun 1999;67:681–7.

Chun YM Lim DJ . Mucin gene expression in the immortalized human middle ear epithelial cells. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:257.

Moon SK Yoon JH Lee HK . Effects of retinoic acid, triiodothyronine and hydrocortisone on mucin and lysozyme expression in passage-2 normal human middle ear epithelial cells. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:252.

Sone M Paparella MM Schachern PA . Expression of glycoconjugates in human eustachian tubes with otitis media. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1474–9.

Hutton DA Fogg FJ Kubba H . Heterogeneity in the protein cores of mucins isolated from human middle ear effusions: Evidence for expression of different mucin gene products. Glycoconjugate J 1998;15:283–91.

Jung HH Lee JH Lim HH . Expression of mucin genes in otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:251.

Severn TL Hutton DA Birchall JP . Mucin gene expression in human middle ear. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:253.

Li JD Xu H Wang B . Signal transduction mechanisms involved in bacteria-induced mucin overproduction. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:77.

Li JD Feng WJ Gallup M . Activation of NF-kB via a Src-dependent Ras-MAPK-pp90rsk pathway is required for P aeruginosa–induced mucin overproduction in epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:5718–23.

Xu H Wang B Kim JH . Oxygen radicals as second messengers for bacteria-induced up-regulation of mucin gene transcription. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:255.

Lin J Kawano H Tsuboi Y . Alterations of mucin gene expression in the transition of acute to mucoid otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:72.

DeFiore-Hyrmer J Bakaletz LO . Evidence obtained by confocal microscopy that links phosphorylation of tyrosine with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae adherence and actin nucleation. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:175.

Huang CC Chen CT Huang TS . Mediation of signal transduction in keratinocytes of human middle ear cholesteatoma by ras protein. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1996;253:385–9.

Ishibashi T Shinogami M Kaga K . Keratinocyte growth factor and receptor mRNA expression in cholesteatoma of the middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:714–8.

Shinoda H Huang CC . Expressions of c-jun and p53 proteins in human middle ear cholesteatoma: Relationship to keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Laryngoscope 1995;105:1232–7.

Schilling V Lang S Rasp G . Overexpression of tenascin in cholesteatoma and external auditory meatal skin compared to retroauricular epidermis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1996;116:741–6.

Park K Park HJ Chun YM . Expression of PLC-gamma 1 in experimental cholesteatoma. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:80.

Bikhazi P Luo L Ryan AF . Expression of immunoregulatory cytokines during acute and chronic middle ear immune response. Laryngoscope 1995;105:629–34.

Chun YM Li JD Lim DJ . MEK1/2-MAPK pathway is involved in IL-1-induced down-regulation of surfactant B. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:256.

Juhn S Li W Flaagan J . Inflammatory NO involvement in auditory function. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:88.

Ushikai M Takaki M Miyanohara T . The role of the transcription factor NF-κB in the expression of IL-8 from human adenoidal fibroblasts. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:117.

Mallo M . Retinoic acid disturbs mouse middle ear development in a stage-dependent fashion. Dev Biol 1997;184:175–86.

Mallo M . Embryological and genetic aspects of middle ear development. Int J Dev Biol 1998;42:11–22.

Zhu CC Yamada G Blum M . Correlation between loss of middle ear bones and altered goosecoid gene expression in the branchial region following retinoic acid treatment of mouse embryos in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;235:748–53.

Ott T Kaestner KH Monaghan AP . The mouse homolog of the region specific homeotic gene spalt of Drosophila is expressed in the developing nervous system and in mesoderm-derived structures. Mech Devel 1996;56:117–28.

ten Berge D Brouwer A Korving J . Prx1 and Prx2 in skeletogenesis: Roles in the craniofacial region, inner ear and limbs. Development 1998;125:3831–42.

Takeuchi K Tsubouchi M Majima Y . Gammadelta T cell receptor repertoire in middle ear effusions in children. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:563–6.

Mondain M Restituito S Vincenti V . Adenovirus-mediated in vivo gene transfer in guinea pig middle ear mucosa. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9:1217–21.

Dazert S Aletsee C Brors D . In vivo adenoviral transduction of the neonatal rat cochlea and middle ear. Hear Res 2001;151:30–40.