4. Anatomy,Cell Biology,Pathology,and Animal Models

Sudo M Sando I Ikui A . Narrowest (isthmus) portion of eustachian tube: A computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:583–8.

Sudo M Sando I Suzuki C . Three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement study of human eustachian tube structures: A hypothesis of eustachian tube function. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:547–54.

Suzuki C Balaban C Sando I . Postnatal development of eustachian tube: A computer-aided 3-D reconstruction and measurement study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:837–43.

Levine SR Northrop BA Palva T . Exploring the compartments of the middle ear and mastoid antrum using 3-D computer generated models: A video presentation. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:37.

Felix H Linder T . Pathology of the chorda tympani nerve in chronic ear disease. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:42.

Blevins NH Carter BL . Routine preoperative imaging in chronic ear surgery. Am J Otol 1998;19:527–35; discussion 535–8.

Kew J Tong MC King AD . Magnetic resonance imaging and audiologic assessment of middle ear effusions in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma before radiation therapy. Am J Otol 1999;20:74–6.

King AD Kew J Tong M . Magnetic resonance imaging of the eustachian tube in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Correlation of patterns of spread with middle ear effusion. Am J Otol 1999;20:69–73.

Swarts JD Alper CM Seroky JT . In vivo observation with magnetic resonance imaging of middle ear effusion in response to experimental underpressures. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995;104:522–8.

Alper CM Tabari R Seroky JT . Magnetic resonance imaging of the development of otitis media with effusion caused by functional obstruction of the eustachian tube. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:422–31.

Alper CM Sabo DL Doyle WJ . Validation by magnetic resonance imaging of tympanometry for diagnosing middle ear effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:523–7.

Alper CM Doyle WJ . MRI validation of the accuracy of tympanometric gradient for the diagnosis of OME. Br J Audiol 1999;33:233–9.

Fujihara K Yamanaka N Bernstein JM . Morphologic and motility changes of nasal cilia in primary culture caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:452–7.

Schousboe LP Blegvad S Ovesen T . Quantification of in vitro growth and synthesis in rabbit middle ear epithelial cells. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1996;253:395–400.

Koba R Yagi M Tabe H . Kinetic analysis of cell proliferation using bromodeoxyuridine labeling and in situ detection of dying cells in the tympanic membrane and middle ear cholesteatoma. Arch Histol Cytol 1996;59:339–46.

Minotti AM Kountakis SE Leighton WR . Effects of extracellular calcium on cholesteatoma migration and adhesion in vitro. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:458–63.

Yen PT Herman P Van den Abbeele T . Extracellular ATP modulates ion transport via P2Y purinoceptors in a middle-ear epithelial cell line. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1997;59:170–5.

Ikeda K Furukawa M Tanno N . Increase of Cl⁻secretion induced by kampo medicine (Japanese herbal medicine), sai-rei-to, in Mongolian gerbil middle ear epithelium. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997;73:29–32.

Portier F van den Abbeele T Lecain E . Oxygen modulates Na⁺ absorption in middle ear epithelium. Am J Physiol 1999;276:C312–C17.

Tan CT Escoubet B Van den Abbeele T . Modulation of middle ear epithelial function by steroids: Clinical relevance. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:284–8.

Furukawa M Ikeda K Yamaya M . Effects of extracellular ATP on ion transport and [Ca²⁺]i in Mongolian gerbil middle ear epithelium. Am J Physiol 1997;272:C827–C836.

Furukawa M Ikeda K Oshima T . A2 adenosine receptors in Mongolian gerbil middle ear epithelium and their regulation of Cl⁻ secretion. Acta Physiol Scand 1998;163:103–12.

Li W Lin J Adams G . Effects of cytokines on iNOS expression in middle ear epithelial cells. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:86.

St Geme J . Molecular determinants of colonization by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:2.

DeFiore-Hyrmer J Bakaletz L . Evidence obtained by confocal microscopy that links the phosphorylation of tyrosine with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae adherence and actin nucleation. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:175.

Rich G Ballow M Bernstein JM . Inhibition of human neutrophil migration in-vitro by M catarrhalis and S pneumoniae. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:174.

van Schilfgaarde M Eijk P Regelink A . Haemophilus influenzae localized in epithelial cell layers is shielded from antibiotics and antibody-mediated bactericidal activity. Microb Pathog 1999;26:249–62.

van Schilfgaarde M van Ulsen P van Der Steeg W . Cloning of genes of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae involved in penetration between human lung epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2000;68:4616–23.

Nell MJ Op't Hof BM Koerten HK . Effect of endotoxin on cultured human middle ear epithelium. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1999;61:201–5.

Buchman CA Fregien N . Influenza A virus infection of human middle ear cells in vitro. Laryngoscope 2000;110:1739–44.

Buchman CA Fregien N . Primary human middle ear epithelium culture and gene transfer. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:249.

Jin YT Tsai ST Li C . Prevalence of human papillomavirus in middle ear carcinoma associated with chronic otitis media. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1327–33.

Ueyama S Jin S Rhim JS . Immortalization of rat middle ear epithelial cells by adeno 12-SV40 hybrid virus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001;110:132–41.

Chun YM Lim DJ . Mucin gene expression in the immortalized human middle ear epithelial cells. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:257.

Tuomanen EI . The biology of pneumococcal infection. Pediatr Res 1997;42:253–8.

Holmes KA Bakaletz LO . Adherence of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in human or chinchilla epithelial cells in vitro. Microb Pathog 1997;23:157–66.

Ring A Weiser JN Tuomanen EI . Pneumococcal trafficking across the blood-brain barrier. Molecular analysis of a novel bidirectional pathway. J Clin Invest 1998;102:347–60.

Forsgren J Samuelson A Borrelli S . Persistence of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in adenoid macrophages: A putative colonization mechanism. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1996;116:766–73.

Apicella MA Ketterer MR Shao JQ . Nontypeable H influenzae interaction with respiratory epithelial cell in vitro model. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:3.

Ketterer MR Shao JQ Hornick DB . Infection of primary human bronchial epithelial cells by Haemophilus influenzae: Macropinocytosis as a mechanism of airway epithelial cell entry. Infect Immun 1999;67:4161–70.

Aoki K Mitani Y Tuji T . Relationship between middle ear pressure, mucosal lesion, and mastoid pneumatization. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1840–5.

Hasebe S Takahashi H Tanabe M . Redevelopment of the mastoid pneumatization after tympanostomy tube insertion in otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:325.

Haddad J Jr . Lipoperoxidation as a measure of free radical injury in otitis media. Laryngoscope 1998;108:524–30.

Takoudes TG Haddad J Jr . Evidence of oxygen free radical damage in human otitis media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:638–42.

John EO Russell PT Nam BH . Concentration of nitric oxide metabolites in middle ear effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001;60:55–8.

Summerfield JA Sumiya M Levin M . Association of mutations in mannose binding protein gene with childhood infection in consecutive hospital series. BMJ 1997;314:1229–32.

Babovic-Vuksanovic D Snow K Ten RM . Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency. Variant alleles in a Midwestern population of the United States. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999;82:134–8, 141; quiz 142–3.

Sumiya M Summerfield JA . The role of collectins in host defense. Semin Liver Dis 1997;17:311–8.

Kakkanaiah VN Shen GQ Ojo-Amaize EA . Association of low concentrations of serum mannose-binding protein with recurrent infections in adults. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5:319–21.

Homoe P . Present aspects of otitis media among children in Greenland. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;49(suppl 1):S169–S172.

Tezcan I Yilmaz Y Oner F . Defective serum opsonization activity in children aged 6–48 months having acute purulent otitis media. Turk J Pediatr 1997;39:453–7.

Boe R Silvola J Yang J . Human beta-defensin-1 mRNA is transcribed in tympanic membrane and adjacent auditory canal epithelium. Infect Immun 1999;67:4843–6.

Lim DJ Chun YM Lee HY . Cell biology of tubotympanum in relation to pathogenesis of otitis media — A review. Vaccine 2000;19(suppl 1):S17–S25.

Hurst DS . Association of otitis media with effusion and allergy as demonstrated by intradermal skin testing and eosinophil cationic protein levels in both middle ear effusions and mucosal biopsies. Laryngoscope 1996;106:1128–37.

Amin K Hurst DS Roomans GM . Eosinophils and neutrophils in biopsies from the middle ear of atopic children with otitis media with effusion. Inflamm Res 1999;48:626–31.

Hurst DS Fredens K . Eosinophil cationic protein in mucosal biopsies from patients with allergy and otitis media with effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:42–8.

Hurst DS Amin K Seveus L . Mast cells and tryptase in the middle ear of children with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;49(suppl 1):S315–S319.

Matsune S Takahashi H Sando I . Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in middle ear and eustachian tube in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996;34:229–36.

Sudo M Sando I . Developmental changes in folding of the human eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1996;116:307–11.

Jecker P Pabst R Westermann J . The mucosa of the middle ear and eustachian tube in the young rat: Number of granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells and T and B lymphocytes in healthy animals and during otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1996;116:443–50.

Ganbo T Sando I Balaban CD . Immunohistochemistry of lymphocytes and macrophages in human celloidin-embedded temporal bone sections with acute otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:662–8.

Forseni M Hansson GK Bagger-Sjoback D . Infiltration of immunocompetent cells in the middle ear during acute otitis media: A temporal study. Am J Otol 1999;20:152–7.

Parks RR Huang CC Haddad J Jr . Middle ear catalase distribution in an animal model of otitis media. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1996;253:445–9.

Takoudes TG Haddad J Jr . Lipid peroxides in middle ear fluid after acute otitis media in guinea pigs. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999;108:564–8.

Forseni M Hansson GK Bagger-Sjoback D . An immunohistochemical study of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat middle ear, with reference to tympanosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1999;119:577–82.

Sone M Paparella MM Schachern PA . Expression of glycoconjugates in human eustachian tubes with otitis media. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1474–9.

Jung HH Kim MW Lee JH . Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1999;119:801–8.

Nagaraj BS Linthicum FH Jr . Autonomic innervation of the human middle ear: An immunohistochemical study. Am J Otolaryngol 1998;19:75–82.

Goycoolea M Muchow D . Gland formation in otitis media. An ultrastructural study in humans. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:39.

Takasaki K Sando I Balaban CD . Histopathological changes of the eustachian tube cartilage and the tensor veli palatini muscle with aging. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1679–83.

Watanaabe T Hirano T Suzuki M . The effects of expression of IL-1B in the murine model of otitis media with effusion. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:79.

Jung TT Kim JP Bunn J . Effect of leukotriene inhibitor on salicylate induced morphologic changes of isolated cochlear outer hair cells. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:258–64.

Ichimiya I Kurono Y Hirano T . Changes in immunostaining of inner ears after antigen challenge into the scala tympani. Laryngoscope 1998;108:585–91.

Engel F Blatz R Schliebs R . Bacterial cytolysin perturbs round window membrane permeability barrier in vivo: Possible cause of sensorineural hearing loss in acute otitis media. Infect Immun 1998;66:343–6.

Ichimiya I Suzuki M Hirano T . The influence of pneumococcal otitis media on the cochlear lateral wall. Hear Res 1999;131:128–34.

Juhn S Weimin L Flaagan J . Inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide involvement in auditory function. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:88.

Hess A Bloch W Huverstuhl J . Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS II) in the cochlea of guinea pigs after intratympanical endotoxin-treatment. Brain Res 1999;830:113–22.

Cook RD Postma DS Brinson GM . Cytotoxic changes in hair cells secondary to pneumococcal middle-ear infection. J Otolaryngol 1999;28:325–31.

Stenqvist M Anniko M Rask-Andersen H . Middle ear mucosa changes following exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1999;256:484–90.

Ganbo T Sando I Balaban CD . Inflammatory response to chronic otitis media in DiGeorge syndrome: A case study using immunohistochemistry on archival temporal bone sections. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999;108:756–61.

Handzic-Cuk J Cuk V Gluhinic M . Mastoid pneumatization and aging in children with Pierre-Robin syndrome and in the cleft palate population out of syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1999;256:5–9.

Alper CM Doyle WJ Seroky JT . Efficacy of clarithromycin treatment of acute otitis media caused by infection with penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the chinchilla. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1889–92.

Barry B Muffat-Joly M Bauchet J . Efficacy of single-dose ceftriaxone in experimental otitis media induced by penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1977–82.

Magnuson K Hermansson A Hellstrom S . Healing of tympanic membrane after myringotomy during Streptococcus pneumoniae otitis media. An otomicroscopic and histologic study in the rat. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:397–404.

Mattsson C Magnuson K Hellstrom S . Myringotomy: A prerequisite for the development of myringosclerosis?. Laryngoscope 1998;108:102–6.

Cayé-Thomasen P Hermansson A Tos M . Pathogenesis of middle ear adhesions. Laryngoscope 1996;106:463–9.

Cayé-Thomasen P Hermansson A Tos M . Bone modeling dynamics in acute otitis media. Laryngoscope 1999;109:723–9.

Johnson M Leonard G Kreutzer DL . Murine model of interleukin-8-induced otitis media. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1405–8.

Takoudes TG Haddad J Jr . Hydrogen peroxide in acute otitis media in guinea pigs. Laryngoscope 1997;107:206–10.

Haddad J Jr Egusa K Takoudes TG . Effects of 21-aminosteroid U-74389G on acute otitis media in a guinea pig model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:44–8.

Diven WF Burckart GJ Alper CM . Expression of acute otitis media after receptor blockade of platelet activating factor, thromboxane, and leukotrienes in the chinchilla. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:199–206.

van der Ven LT van den Dobbelsteen GP Nagarajah B . A new rat model of otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: Conditions and application in immunization protocols. Infect Immun 1999;67:6098–103.

Don DM Swarts D Hebda P . Development of a chinchilla model of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:327.

Sato K Liebeler CL Quartey MK . Middle ear fluid cytokine and inflammatory cell kinetics in the chinchilla otitis media model. Infect Immun 1999;67:1943–6.

Fulghum RS Brown RR . Purified streptococcal cell wall (PG-APS) causes experimental otitis media. Auris Nasus Larynx 1998;25:5–11.

Magnuson K Hermansson A Melhus A . The tympanic membrane and middle ear mucosa during non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus influenzae type b acute otitis media: A study in the rat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:396–405.

Cayé-Thomasen P Hermansson A Tos M . Increased secretory capacity of the middle ear mucosa after acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:263–7.

Cayé-Thomasen P Hermansson A Tos M . Changes in mucosal goblet cell density in acute otitis media caused by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:211–5.

DeMaria TF Apicella MA Nichols WA . Evaluation of the virulence of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae lipooligosaccharide htrB and rfaD mutants in the chinchilla model of otitis media. Infect Immun 1997;65:4431–5.

Loosmore SM Yang YP Oomen R . The Haemophilus influenzae HtrA protein is a protective antigen. Infect Immun 1998;66:899–906.

Bakaletz LO Kennedy BJ Novotny LA . Protection against development of otitis media induced by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae by both active and passive immunization in a chinchilla model of virus-bacterium superinfection. Infect Immun 1999;67:2746–62.

Ponte C Cenjor C Parra A . Antimicrobial treatment of an experimental otitis media caused by a beta-lactamase positive isolate of Haemophilus influenzae. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:85–90.

Sato K Kawana M Nonomura N . Course of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the middle ear fluid of the guinea pig otitis media model induced by nonviable Haemophilus influenzae. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999;108:559–63.

Fulghum RS Marrow HG . Experimental otitis media with Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:234–41.

Sato K . Experimental otitis media induced by nonviable Moraxella catarrhalis in the guinea pig model. Auris Nasus Larynx 1997;24:233–8.

Westman E Melhus A Hellstrom S . Moraxella catarrhalis–induced purulent otitis media in the rat middle ear. Structure, protection, and serum antibodies. APMIS 1999;107:737–46.

Sutbeyaz Y Yakan B Ozdemir H . Effect of SC-41930, a potent selective leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, in the guinea pig model of middle ear inflammation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:476–80.

Dohar JE Alper CM Rose EA . Treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media with topical ciprofloxacin. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:865–71.

Enomoto F Ichikawa G Nagaoka I . Evaluation of the effect of erythromycin on otitis media with effusion in experimental rat models. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1996;99:1126–35.

Yoshioka I Himi T Kataura A . In vivo induction and regulation of interleukin-8-like chemokine GRO/CINC-1 in rat middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:719–23.

Darrow DH Keithley EM . Reduction of endotoxin-induced inflammation of the middle ear by polymyxin B. Laryngoscope 1996;106:1028–33.

Mitchell CR Kempton JB Scott-Tyler B . Otitis media incidence and impact on the auditory brain stem response in lipopolysaccharide-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:459–64.

Baggett HC Prazma J Rose AS . The role of glucocorticoids in endotoxin-mediated otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:41–6.

Sugiura Y Ohashi Y Nakai Y . Roxythromycin prevents endotoxin-induced otitis media with effusion in the guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1997(suppl 531):39–51.

Rose AS Prazma J Randell SH . Nitric oxide mediates mucin secretion in endotoxin-induced otitis media with effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;116:308–16.

Maeda K Hirano T Suzuki M . Endotoxin induced long-term otitis media with effusion in mice. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:146.

Mattsson C Marklund SL Hellstrom S . Application of oxygen free radical scavengers to diminish the occurrence of myringosclerosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:513–8.

Russell JD Giles SJ . Persistent otitis media with effusion: Anew experimental model. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1181–4.

Ikarashi F Nakano Y Okura T . Pneumatization of the tympanic bulla after blockage of the ventilation route through the eustachian tube in the pig. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:784–90.

von Unge M Decraemer WF Dirckx JJ . Tympanic membrane displacement patterns in experimental cholesteatoma. Hear Res 1999;128:1–15.

Goycoolea MV Hueb MM Muchow D . The theory of the trigger, the bridge and the transmigration in the pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1999;119:244–8.

Meek RB III McGrew BM Cuff CF . Immunologic and histologic observations in reovirus-induced otitis media in the mouse. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999;108:31–8.