2. Epidemiology,Natural History,and Risk Factors

Homoe P Christensen RB Bretlau P . Prevalence of otitis media in a survey of 591 unselected Greenlandic children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996;36:215–30.

Chayarpham S Stuart J Chongsuvivatwong V . A study of the prevalence of and risk factors for ear diseases and hearing loss in primary school children in Hat Yai, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 1996;79:468–72.

Sain A Sain L Sain S . Prevalence of otitis media with effusion amongst preschool children in Malaysia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997;41:21–8.

Minja BM Machemba A . Prevalence of otitis media, hearing impairment and cerumen impaction among school children in rural and urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996;37:29–34.

Apostolopoulos K Xenelis J Tzagaroulakis A . The point prevalence of otitis media with effusion among school children in Greece. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1998;44:207–14.

Rushton HC Tong MC Yue V . Prevalence of otitis media with effusion in multicultural schools in Hong Kong. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111:804–6.

Hatcher J Smith A Mackenzie I . A prevalence study of ear problems in school children in Kiambu district, Kenya, May 1992. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995;33:197–205.

Dang HS Nhan TS Le T . Point prevalence of secretory otitis media in southern Vietnam. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:406–10.

Lyn C Jadusingh WA Ashman H . Hearing screening in Jamaica: Prevalence of otitis media with effusion. Laryngoscope 1998;108:288–90.

Marchisio P Principi N Passali D . Epidemiology and treatment of otitis media with effusion in children in the first year of primary school. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:557–62.

Kramer AH McCullough DW . The prevalence of otitis media with effusion among Inuit children. Int J Circumpolar Health 1998;57(suppl 1):265–7.

Boswell JB Nienhuys TG . Onset of otitis media in the first eight weeks of life in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian infants. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995;104:542–9.

Boswell JB Nienhuys TG . Patterns of persistent otitis media in the first year of life in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infants. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:893–900.

Joki-Erkkila VP Laippala P Pukander J . Increase in paediatric acute otitis media diagnosed by primary care in Two Finnish municipalities — 1994–5 versus 1978–9. Epidemiol Infect 1998;121:529–34.

Lanphear BP Byrd RS Auinger P . Increased prevalence of recurrent otitis media among children in the United States. Pediatrics 1997;99:E11–E17.

Albers FW . Complications of otitis media: The importance of early recognition. Am J Otol 1999;20:9–12.

Hoppe JE Koster S Bootz F . Acute mastoiditis —relevant once again. Infection 1994;22:178–82.

Kvestad E Kvaerner KJ Mair IW . Acute mastoiditis: Predictors for surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2000;52:149–55.

Petersen CG Ovesen T Pedersen CB . Acute mastoidectomy in a Danish country from 1977 to 1996 with focus on the bacteriology. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1998;45:21–9.

MacTurk RH Hoffman HJ Overpeck MD . Risk factors for frequent ear infections in US children: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:228.

Casselbrant ML Mandel EM Kurs-Lasky M . Otitis media in a population of black American and white American infants, 0–2 years of age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995;33:1–16.

Paradise JL Rockette HE Colborn K . Otitis media in 2253 Pittsburgh-area infants: Prevalence and risk factors during the first Two years of life. Pediatrics 1997;99:318–33.

Hoffman HJ MacTurk RH Gravel JS . Epidemiological risk factors for otitis media and hearing loss in school age children based on NHANES III, 1988–1994. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:59.

Alho OP Laara E Oja H . What is the natural history of recurrent acute otitis media in infancy?. J Fam Pract 1996;43:258–64.

Homoe P Christensen R Bretlau P . Acute otitis media and age at onset among children in Greenland. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1999;119:65–71.

Stenstrom C Ingvarsson C . Otitis-prone children and controls: A study of possible predisposing factors. 1. Heredity, family background and perinatal period. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:87–93.

Jero J Karma P . Prognosis of acute otitis media. Factors associated with the development of recurrent acute otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1997(suppl 529):30–3.

Engel J Anteunis L Volovics A . Risk factors of otitis media with effusion during infancy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;48:239–49.

Sassen ML Brand RB Grote JJ . Risk factors for otitis media with effusion in children 0 to 2 years of age. Am J Otolaryngol 1997;18:324–30.

Postma DS Poole MD Wu SM . The impact of day care on ventilation tube insertion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997;41:253–62.

Alho OP Oja H Koivu M . Risk factors for chronic otitis media with effusion in infancy. Each acute otitis media episode induces a high but transient risk. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;121:839–43.

Nafstad P Jorgen A Hagen MS . Day care centers and respiratory health. Pediatrics 1999;103:753–8.

Daly KA Brown JE Lindgren BR . Epidemiology of otitis media onset by six months of age. Pediatrics 1999;103:1158–66.

Rovers MM Hofstad EAH Van Den Brand KIM Franken . Prognostic factors for otitis media with effusion in infants. Clin Otolaryngol 1998;23:543–6.

Kvaerner K Nafstad P Hagen J . Early acute otitis media and siblings' attendance at nursery. Arch Dis Child 1996;75:338–41.

Stenstrom C Ingvarsson L . Otitis-prone children and controls: A study of possible predisposing factors. 2. Physical findings, frequency of illness, allergy, day care and parental smoking. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:696–703.

Hildesheim ME Hoffman HJ Overpeck MD . Frequent ear infections in association with child-care characteristics, based on the 1988 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1999;13:466–72.

Zeisel SA Roberts JE Neebe EC . A longitudinal study of otitis media with effusion among 2- to 5-year-old African-American children in child care. Pediatrics 1999;103:15–9.

Louhiala PJ Jaakkola N Ruotsalainen R . Form of day care and respiratory infections among Finnish children. Am J Public Health 1995;85:1109–12.

Heikkinen T Ruuskanen O . New prospects in the prevention of otitis media. Ann Med 1996;28:23–30.

Duffy LC Faden H Wasielewski R . Exclusive breastfeeding protects against bacterial colonization and day care exposure to otitis media. Pediatrics 1997;100:E7.

Collet JP Larson CP Boivin JF . Parental smoking and risk of otitis media in preschool children. Can J Public Health 1995;86:269–73.

Kvaerner KJ Nafstad P Hagen JA . Recurrent acute otitis media: The significance of age at onset. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:1–7.

Yang CY Cheng MF Tsai SS . Effects of indoor environmental factors on risk for acute otitis media in a subtropical area. J Toxicol Environ Health 1999;56:111–9.

Ey JL Holberg CJ Aldous MB . Passive smoke exposure and otitis media in the first year of life. Group Health Medical Associates. Pediatrics 1995;95:670–7.

Homoe P Christensen RB Bretlau P . Acute otitis media and sociomedical risk factors among unselected children in Greenland. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;49:37–52.

Faden H Duffy L Wasielewski R . Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1440–5.

Faden H Duffy L Hong JJ . Adherence of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae to respiratory epithelium of otitis prone and normal children. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1996 (suppl 523): 142–4.

Rosen IA Hakansson A Aniansson G . Antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharides in human milk: Lack of relationship to colonization and acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;15:498–507.

Daly KA Rich SS Levine S . The family study of otitis media: Design and disease and risk factor profiles. Genet Epidemiol 1996;13:451–68.

Kvaerner KJ Tambs K Harris JR . Distribution and heritability of recurrent ear infections. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:624–32.

Casselbrant ML Mandel EM Fall PA . The heritability of otitis media: A twin and triplet study. JAMA 1999;282:2125–30.

Rich SS Spray B Daly K . Evidence for single gene effects in the familial risk of chronic/recurrent otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:232.

Smith-Vaughan HC Sriprakash KS Mathews JD . Nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in Aboriginal infants with otitis media: Prolonged carriage of P2 porin variants and evidence for horizontal P2 gene transfer. Infect Immun 1997;65:1468–74.

Kvaerner KJ Tambs K Harris JR . Otitis media: Relationship to tonsillitis, sinusitis and atopic diseases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996;35:127–41.

Maw AR Smith IM Lance GN . Lateral cephalometric analysis of children with otitis media with effusion: A comparison with age and sex matched controls. J Laryngol Otol 1991;105:71–7.

Engel J Anteunis L Volovics A . Prevalence rates of otitis media with effusion from 0 to 2 years of age: Healthy-born versus high-risk-born infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;47:243–51.

Nalluswami K Ko CW Hou JR . Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are at increased risk for frequent ear infections [Abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:S16.

Kvaerner KJ Tambs K Harris JR . The relationship between otitis media and intrauterine growth: A co-twin study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996;37:217–25.

Salazar JC Daly KA Giebink GS . Low cord blood pneumococcal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies predict early onset acute otitis media in infancy. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:1048–56.

Niemela M Uhari M Mottonen M . A pacifier increases the risk of recurrent acute otitis media in children in day care centers. Pediatrics 1995;96:884–8.

Uhari M Niemela M Pihakari O . Pacifier as a risk factor for acute otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999:229.

Brook I Gober AE . Bacterial colonization of pacifiers of infants with acute otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111:614–5.

Uhari M Kontiokari T Niemela M . A novel use of xylitol sugar in preventing acute otitis media. Pediatrics 1998;102:879–84.

Uhari M Kontiokori T Niemela M . Effect of xylitol on the resolution of middle ear effusion in acute otitis media. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla, 1999: 238.

Gannon MM Goncalves M Haggard MP . Multiple replication of infant sleeping position as a strong OM risk factor. In: Lim DJ , ed. Abstracts of the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Ft Lauderdale, Fla. 1999:57.

Durand AM Sabino H Jr Masga R . Childhood vitamin A status and the risk of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:952–4.

Holtby I Elliot K Kumar U . Is there a relationship between proximity to industry and the occurrence of otitis media with effusion in school entrant children?. Public Health 1997;111:89–91.

Stenstrom C Ingvarsson L . Late effects on ear disease in otitis-prone children: A long-term follow-up study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1995;115:658–63.

Daly KA Hunter LL Levine SC . Relationships between otitis media sequelae and age. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1306–10.

Schilder AGM Hak E Straatman H . Long-term effects of ventilation tubes for persistent otitis media with effusion in children. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:423–9.

Strachan D Hope G Hussain M . Long-term follow-up of children inserted with T-tubes as a primary procedure for otitis media with effusion. Clin Otolaryngol 1996;21:537–41.

Stangerup S-E Schwer S Pedersen K . Prevalence of eardrum pathology in a cohort born in 1955. J Laryngol Otol 1995;109:281–5.

Uhari M Mantysaari K Niemela M . A meta-analytic review of the risk factors for acute otitis media. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:1079–83.

Rovers MM Zielhuis GA Ingels K . Day-care and otitis media in young children: A critical overview. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158:1–6.

DiFranza JR Lew RA . Morbidity and mortality in children associated with the use of tobacco products by other people. Pediatrics 1996;97:560–8.

Alho OP Laara E Oja H . Public health impact of various risk factors for acute otitis media in northern Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:1149–56.