In a middle-aged woman with anginal chest pain and a normal-appearing angiogram, dypiridamole technetium-99m Sestamibi scintigraphy, a noninvasive method, provided the diagnosis of syndrome X and was used in follow-up to monitor the course of disease.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anoop Chauhan Mrcp, Petch MC, Schofield PM: Syndrome X and coronary artery disease. Coronary Artery Disease4:555-563, 1993.
2.
Cannon RO, Epstein SE: Microvascular angina as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol61:1338-1343, 1988.
3.
Maseri A., Crea P., Kaski JC, et al: Mechanisms of angina pectoris in syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol17:499-506, 1991.
4.
Bassenge E., Busse R.: Endothelial modulation of coronary tone. Prog Cardiovasc Dis30:349-380, 1988.
5.
Maseri A., Davies GJ, Hackett D., et al: Coronary artery spasm and coronary vasoconstriction: The case for a distinction. Circulation81:1983-1991, 1990.
6.
Rosano Gmc, Lindsay DC, Kaski JC, et al: Syndrome X in women: The importance of ovarian hormones (abstract) . J Am Coll Cardiol19:255, 1992.
7.
Romeo F., Gaspardone A., Ciavolella M., et al: Verapamil versus acebutol for syndrome X. Am J Cardiol62:312-313, 1988.
8.
Galassi AR, Kaski JC, Crea F., et al: Heart rate response during exercise testing and ambulatory ECG monitoring in patients with syndrome X. Am Heart J122:458-463, 1991.
9.
Romeo F., Rosano GC, Rosan V., et al: The clinical evolution of patients diagnosed with syndrome X during a five years follow-up (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol19:87A, 1992.
10.
Poole-Wilson PA: Potassium and the heart. Clin Endocrin Metab13:249-268, 1984.
11.
Shapiro LM, Crake T., Poole-Wilson PA: Is altered cardiac sensation responsible for chest pain in patients with normal coronary arteries? Clinical observation during catheterisation . Br Med J296:170-171, 1988.
12.
Dart AM, Alban Davies H, Dalal J., et al: "Angina" and normal coronary arteriograms: A follow-up of study . Eur Heart J1:97-100, 1980.
13.
Kemp HG, Vokonas PS, Cohn PF, et al: The anginal syndromes associated with normal coronary arteriograms: Report of a six year experience. Am J Med54:735-742, 1973.
14.
Kemp HG, Kronmal EA, Vlietstra RE, et al, and the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) participants: Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: A CASS registry. J Am Coll Cardiol7:479-483, 1986.
15.
Papanicolau MN , Califf RM, Hlatky MA, et al: Prognostic implication of angiographically normal and insignificantly narrowed coronary arteries . Am J Cardiol58:1181-1187, 1986 .
16.
Pasternak RC , Thibault GE, Savoia M., et al: Chest pain with angiographically insignificant coronary arterial obstruction. Clinical presentation and long term follow-up . Am J Med68:813-817, 1980.
17.
Proufit WL, Shirley EK, Jones FM: Selective cine coronary arteriography: Correlation with clinical finding in 1000 cases. Circulation33: 901-910, 1986.
18.
Iskandrian AS, Heo J., Askenose A., et al: Dipyridamole cardiac imaging . Am Heart J115:432-443, 1988.
19.
Martin M., Fuh T., Jeng C-V., et al: Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and hyperinsulinemia in patients with microvascular angina. Metabolism42:1090-1092, 1993.