Fibrositic Myofascial Pain in Intermittent Claudication: Significance of Trigger Areas in the Calf

Dahn, I. : On clinical use of venous occlusion plethysmography of the calf. II. Results in patients with arterial disease. Acta Chir. Scand., 130: 61, 1965.

Hillestad, L.D. : The peripheral blood flow in intermittent claudication . Acta Med. Scand., 174:687, 1963.

Skinner, J.S. , Strandness, D.E. , Jr.: Exercise and intermittent claudication. II. Effect of physical training. Circulation, 36: 23, 1967.

Blümchen, G. , Landry, F. , Kiefer , H. , et al.: Hemodynamic responses of claudicating extremities. Evaluation of a long range exercise program. Cardiology, 55: 114, 1970.

Zetterquist, S. : The effect of active training on the nutritive blood flow in exercising ischemic legs. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 25: 101, 1970.

Lorentsen, E. : Blood pressure and flow in the calf in relation to claudication distance. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 31:141, 1973.

Jacobs, S. , Reich, T. : Calf blood flow in intermittent claudication. Arch. Surg., 110: 1465, 1975.

Linhart, J. , Hlavová, A. , Přerovský, I. , et al.: Some aspects of muscle circulation in ischaemia, in Circulation in Skeletal Muscle. Edited by O. Hudlická. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1968, p. 215.

Pernow, B. : Discussion with Dr. Linhart, in Circulation in Skeletal Muscle . Edited by O. Hudlická. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1968, p. 223.

Larsen, O.A. , Lassen, N.A. : Effect of daily muscular exercise in patients with intermittent claudication. Lancet, 2: 1093, 1966.

Boyd, A.M. , Ratcliffe Hall, A. , Jepson, R.P. , et al.: Intermittent claudication. A clinical study. J. Bone Joint Surg., 31: 325, 1949.

Travell, J. , Baker, S.J. , Hirsch , B.B. , et al.: Myofascial component of intermittent claudication. Fed. Proc., 11: 164, 1952.

Arcangeli, P. , Corradi, F. , D'Ayala-Valva , G. : Alterations of skin and muscle sensibility in chronic obliterating arteriopathy of the lower limbs and their importance in determining intermittent claudication. Acta Neuroveg., 27: 511, 1965.

Bolletti, A. , Dorigo, B. , Zoppi , M. , et al.: Modificazioni della funzione afferente nelle arteriopatie obliteranti degli arti inferiori . Minerva Cardioangiol., 19: 506, 1971.

Pirri, F. , Zanini, A. , Dorigo, B. , et al.: A new electronic foot ergometer for direct reading of muscular work load. Angiology, 28: 770, 1977.

Travell, J. : Pain mechanisms in connective tissues, in Connective Tissue. Edited by C. Ragan. New York , Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1952., p. 86.

Kraft, G.H. , Johnson, E.W. , La Ban, M.M. : Fibrositis syndrome . Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., 49: 155, 1968.

Ibrahim, G.A. , Awad, G.A. , Kottke , F.J. : Interstitial myofibrositis: Serum and muscle enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase-isoenzymes. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., 55: 23, 1974.

Böllinger, A. : Durchblutungsmessungen in der Klinischen Angiologie. Bern and Stuttgart, H. Huber Verlag , 1969.

Isacsson, S.O. : Venous occlusion plethysmography in 55-year-old men. A population study in Malmö, Sweden. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl., 537: 5, 1972.

Melzack, R. , Stillwell, D.M. , Fox , E.J. : Trigger points and acupunture points for pain: Correlations and implications. Pain, 3, 3, 1977.

Kennard, M.A. , Haugen, F.P. : The relation of subcutaneous focal sensitivity to referred pain of cardiac origin. Anesthesiology , 16: 297, 1955.

Travell, J. , Rinzler, S.H. : The myofascial genesis of pain . Postgrad. Med., 11: 425, 1952.

Slocumb, C.H. : Fibrositis, Clinics, 2: 169, 1943.

Pernow, B. , Saltin, B. , Wahren, J. , et al.: Muscle metabolism during exercise in patients with occlusive arterial disease: Effect of reconstructive surgery. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 31: 21, 1973 (Suppl. 128).

Dahllof, A.G. , Bjorntarp, P. , Holm , J. , et al.: Metabolic activity of skeletal muscle in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Effect of physical training . Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 4: 9, 1974.

Ehrly, A.M. , Schroeder, W. : Oxygen pressure in ischemic muscle tissue in patients with chronic occlusive arterial diseases. Angiology, 28: 101, 1977.

Digiesi, V. , Nassi, P. , Poli , S. : Attività lisosomiale nel muscolo umano in ischemia cronica. Boll. Soc. It. Biol. Sper., 53: 86, 1977.

Boehme, D. , Themann, H. , Gold, J. : Structural and ultrastructural changes in striated human muscle caused by chronic ischemia. Am. J. Pathol., 49: 569, 1966.

Arcangeli, P. , Digiesi, V. , Bucciolini , M. : Light and electron microscopic studies of the gastrocnemius muscle in peripheral occlusive vascular disease. Arch. It. Anat. Embriol., 81: 323, 1976.

Bucciolini, M.G. , Arcangeli, P. , Digiesi , V. : Ultrastructural changes in the human ischemic myopathy. Proceedings of the Sixth European Congress on Electron Microscopy. Jerusalem , TAL International Publishing Co., 1976, p. 441.

Teräväinen, H. , Mäkitie, J. : Striated muscle ultrastructure in intermittent claudication. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 101: 230, 1977 .

Procacci, P. : A survey of modern concepts of pain, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology . Edited by P. J. Vinken , G. W. Bruyn , Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing, 1969, p. 114.

Strandness, D.E. , Jr.: Intermittent claudication, in Peripheral Vascular Disease. Vol. 3, No. 1. Edited by R. W. Gifford. Philadelphia, F. A. Davis, 1971, p. 53.