The accuracy and advantages of determining the flow rates of opaque media in catheters used in the infant and pediatric age group is essential in obtaining proper opacification with minimum toxicity to the patient. Flow rates expressed as cubic centimeters per second and grams of iodine per second were determined by using representative standard pediatric catheters in various sizes and lengths. Three representative opaque medias were used to determine these findings. Although present-day injector pumps are frequently calibrated in delivery rates, they cannot be applied directly to the cardiac catheters usually used with infants and small children.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Laws, J.W., Fox, J.G.C.: Factors controlling the rate of injection of contrast media in angiocardiography . Br. J. Radiol., 33: 119-123, 1960.
2.
Fischer, H.W. , Roller, G., Hubbard , P.G.: An analysis of several factors influencing injection rates in angiography. Radiology , 83: 396-404, 1964.
3.
Cooley, R.N. , Beentjes, L.B.: An inquiry into the physical factors governing the flow of contrast substances through catheters. Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. Nucl. Med., 89: 308-314, 1963.
4.
Johnson, J.L. , Turner, F.: Evaluation of flow rates of cardiovascular contrast media through the catheters usually used in pediatric cardiac catheterization and angiocardiographic study. Angiology, 19: 612-624, 1968.
5.
Agnew, C.H., Cooley, R.N., Derrick, J., et al.: Technical considerations of selective arteriography. Radiology, 74: 81-83, 1960.
6.
Lehman, J.S. , Debbas, J.N.: An evaluation of cardiovascular contrast media. Radiology, 76: 548-563, 1961.
7.
Pattinson, J.N. : Sodium metrizoate. Clinical experience with a new contrast medium in angiocardiography. Br. J. Radiol. , 35: 824-830, 1962.
8.
Rodriguez-Alvarez, A., Martinez De Rodriguez , G.: Studies in angiocardiography: The problems involved in the rapid, selective, and safe injections of radiopaque materials. Development of a special catheter for selective angiocardiography . Am. Heart J., 53: 841-853, 1957.
