Raynaud's Disease,Raynaud's Phenomenon,and Serotonin

Raynaud, M. : De l'asphyxie locale et de la gangrene symetrique des extremities, these de Paris, 1862; nouvelles recherches sur la nature et le traitment de l'asphyxie locale des extremities. Arch. gen. de med. ( Paris), 1: 189, 1874.

Beck, E.C. : Raynaud's disease. Interstate M. J., 19: 328, 1912.

Osler, W. : Cited by HUNT, J. H.: Raynaud's phenomena: a critical review. Quart. J. Med., 5: 399, 1936.

Hunt, J.H. : Raynaud's phenomena: a critical review. Quart. J. Med., 5: 399, 1936.

Allen, E.V. , AND Brown, G.E. : Raynaud's disease affecting men. Ann. Int. Med., 5: 1384, 1932.

Hines, E.A. , JR., AND Christensen, N.A. : Raynaud's disease among men. J. A. M. A., 129: 1, 1945.

Gifford, R.W. , JR., AND Hines, E.A. : Raynaud's disease among women and girls . Circulation, 16: 1012, 1957.

Monahan, J.J. : Raynaud's disease; limitations of classical picture as guide to diagnosis; report of case showing extensive bone involvement . Am J. M. Sc., 171: 346, 1926.

Lewis, T. , AND Pickering, G.W. : Observations upon maladies in which the blood supply to digits ceases intermittently or permanently, and upon bilateral gangrene of digits; observations relevant to so-called "Raynaud's Disease." Clin. Sc., 1: 327 1934.

Hutchinson, J. : Two lectures on aero-pathology (Raynaud's phenomena and allied conditions). Med. Week ( Paris) 1: 85, 1893.

Allen, E.V. , AND Brown, G.E. : Raynaud's disease; clinical study of 147 cases, J. A. M. A., 99: 1472, 1932 .

Allen, E.V. AND Brown, G.E. : Raynaud's disease: critical review of minimal requisites for diagnosis. Am. J. M. Sc. , 183: 187, 1932 .

Gifford, R.W. , JR.: The clinical significance of Raynaud's phenomenon and Raynaud's disease. M. Clin. North America, 42: 963, 1958.

Lewis, T. : Experiments relating to peripheral mechanism involved in spasmodic arrest of circulation in fingers, variety of Raynaud's disease. Heart, 15: 7, 1929.

Lewis, T. : Observations upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold. Heart, 15: 177, 1929.

Lewis, T. : Raynaud's disease. New England J. Med., 206: 1192, 1932 .

Lewis, T. : Clinical observations and experiments relating to burning pain in the extremities, and to so-called "erythromelalgia" in particular. Clin. Sc. , 1: 175, 1933.

Lewis, T. : Raynaud's disease, with special reference to nature of malady, Brit. M. J., 2: 136, 1932.

Lewis, T. : Vascular Disorders of the Limbs, pp. 58, 65, 90-92. Macmillan Company, 1936.

Brown, G.E. : Discussion of paper by SIMPSON, S. L., BROWN, G. E., AND ADSON, A. W.: Observations on the etiologic mechanism in Raynaud's disease. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 5: 295, 1930.

Morton, J.J. , AND Scott, W.J.M. : Some angiospastic syndromes in extremities . Ann. Surg., 94: 839, 1931.

Pearse, H.E. : The influence of the heat regulatory mechanism on Raynaud's disease. Am. Heart J., 10: 1005, 1935 .

Boggon, R.H. : Removal of stellate ganglion in Raynaud's disease Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 24: 94, 1931.

Gask, G.E. , AND Ross, J.P. : The Surgery of the Sympathetic Nervous System. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1934 .

Hyndman, O.R. , AND Wolkin, J. : Raynaud's disease; review of its mechanism, with evidence that it is primarily a vascular disease. Am. Heart J., 23: 535, 1942.

Naide, M. , AND Sayen, A. : Venospasm; its part in producing clinical picture of Raynaud's disease . Arch. Int. Med., 77: 16, 1946.

Mufson, I. : Mechanism and treatment of Raynaud's disease; psychosomatic disturbance . Ann. Int. Med., 20: 228, 1944.

Peacock, J.H. : Aetiological factors in primary Raynaud's disease . Brit. M. J., 2: 825, 1958.

Brodie, T.G. : The immediate action of an intravenous injection of blood-serum. J. Physiol., 26: 48, 1900.

Rapport, M.M. , Green, A.A. , AND Page, I.H. : Partial purification of vasoconstrictor in beef serum. J. Biol. Chem., 174: 735, 1948.

a. Rapport, M.M. , Green, A.A. , AND Page I H. : Serum vasoconstrictor (serotonin). IV. Isolation and characterization. J. Biol. Chem., 176: 1243, 1948 .

Hamlin, K.E. , AND Fischer, F.E. : The synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine . J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73: 5007, 1951.

Specter, M.E. , Heinzelmann, R.V. , AND Weisblat , D.I. : The synthesis of blood serum vasoconstrictor principle serotonin creatinine sulfate. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73: 5514, 1951.

Reid, G.J. : Circulatory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine. J. Physiol. , 118: 435, 1952.

Page, I.H. , AND McCubbin, J.W. : Variable arterial pressure response to serotonin in laboratory animals and man. Circulation Res., 1: 354, 1953.

Salmoiraghi, G.C. , Page, I.H. , AND McCubbin , J.W. : Cardiovascular and respiratory response to intravenous serotonin in rats. J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therapy, 118: 477, 1956.

Page, I.H. , AND McCubbin, J.W. : Cardiovascular reactivity. Circulation Res., 2: 395, 1954.

Roddie, I.C. , Shepherd, J.T. , AND Whelan, R.F. ; Action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on blood vessels of human hand and forearm. Brit. J. Pharmacol., 10: 445, 1955.

Scherbel, A. , And Harrison : Rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Clin. Res. Proc. , 6: 402, 1958.

Dawes, G.S. , AND Comroe, J.H. , JR.: Chemoreflexes from the heart and lungs. Physiol. Rev., 34: 167, 1954.

Comroe, J.H. , JR., Van Lingen, B. , Stroud, R.C. , AND Roncoroni , A. Reflex and direct cardiopulmonary effects of 5-OH-tryptamine (serotonin): Their possible role in pulmonary embolism and coronary thrombosis. Am. J. Physiol., 173: 379, 1953.

Hines, R.A. : Peripheral neuritis following isoniazid therapy: Appearance of Dupuytren's contracture and Raynaud's phenomenon. J. A. M. A., 159: 1197, 1955.

Smith, W.M. , AND Kroop, I.G. : Raynaud's disease in primary pulmonary hypertension. J. A. M. A., 165: 1245, 1957 .

Doepfnfr, W. , AND Cerletti, A. : Comparison of lysergic acid derivatives and antihistamines as inhibitors of the edema provoked in the rat's paw by serotonin. Internat. Arch. Allergy, 12: 89, 1958.

Sollman, T. : A Manual of Pharmacology, 8th ed. W. B. Saunders Company , Philadelphia, 1957.

Glover, W.E. , Greenfield, A.D.M. , Kidd, B.S.L. , AND Whelan , R.F. : The reactions of the capacity blood vessels of the human hand and forearm to vaso-active substances infused intra-arterially. J. Physiol., 140: 113, 1958 .

Lewis, T. : Raynaud's disease and preganglionic sympathectomy. Clin. Sc. , 3: 3211938.

Robertson, C.W. , AND Smithwick , R.H. : The recurrence of vasoconstrictor activity after limb sympathectomy in Raynaud's disease and allied vasomotor states. New England J. Med., 245: 317, 1951.

Brodie, B.B. , AND Shore, P.A. : A concept for a role of serotonin and norepinephrine as chemical mediators in the brain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 66: 631, 1957.

Gaddum, J.H. , AND Hameed, K.A. : Drugs which antagonize 5-hydroxytryptamine . Brit. J. Pharmacol., 9: 240, 1954.

Haddy, F. , Emanuel, D. , Scott, J. , AND Fleishman, M. : Systemic small enlarged vessels: responses to serotonin at varying levels of resistance. Army Med. Res. Lab. Project No. 6-64-12-028, Report No. 335, 1958.

Humphrey, J.H. , AND Jaques, R. : Histamine and serotonin content of platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes of various species. J. Physiol. 124: 305 (May) 1954.

Udenfriend, S. , AND Weissbach, H. : Studies on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in platelets. Fed. Proc., 13: 412 (1954).

Zucker, M.D. , AND Borrelli, J. : Quantity, assay and release of serotonin in human platelets. J. Appl. Physiol., 7: 425, 1955.

Von Euler, U.S. : Nature of adrenergic nerve mediators. Pharmacol. Rev., 3: 247, 1951.

Smithwick, R.H. : Problem of producing complete and lasting sympathetic denervation of upper extremity by preganglionic section. Ann. Surg., 112: 1085, 1940.

Duff, R.S. : Effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline on blood vessels of hand before and after sympathecomy. J. Physiol., 129: 53, 1955.

Gaddum, J.H. : Tryptamine receptors. J. Physiol. , 119: 363, 1953.

Cole, J.W. , Livingston, H. , Loughry, C.W. , AND Holden, W.D. : Relationship of sonically disrupted platelets to serum vasoconstrictor activity . Surgery, 34: 482, 1953.

Page, I.H. : Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine); the last four years. Physiol. Rev., 38: 277, 1958.