The present study aimed to explore the correlation of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) with angiographic progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). AIP was defined as the base 10 logarithm of the ratio of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. The extent of coronary lesion was assessed by the Gensini Score (GS) system and angiographic progression was defined as the GS rate of change per year >1 point. A total of 896 patients with suspected CAD who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography twice at intervals of >6 months were included. Baseline AIP was positively correlated with remnant cholesterol (r = .644, P < .001). When patients were assigned into four groups according to baseline AIP quartiles, the incidence of CAD progression significantly increased across the quartiles of AIP (Q1 [lowest]: 23.7 vs Q2: 29.9 vs Q3: 33.9 vs Q4 [highest]: 34.8%; P = .042). After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratio for CAD progression was 1.89 when comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of AIP (95% confidence interval: 1.18–3.02; P = .008). Therefore, AIP was independently correlated with angiographic progression of CAD beyond conventional risk factors, suggesting that AIP may play a role in early risk stratification as a simple surrogate of residual risk.
VisserenFLJMachFSmuldersYM, et al.2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J2021; 42: 3227–337.
2.
MachFBaigentCCatapanoAL, et al.2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J2020; 41: 111–88.
3.
HoogeveenRCBallantyneCM. Residual cardiovascular risk at low LDL: remnants, lipoprotein(a), and inflammation. Clin Chem2021; 67: 143–53.
4.
ChaitAGinsbergHNVaisarTHeineckeJWGoldbergIJBornfeldtKE. Remnants of the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes2020; 69: 508–16.
5.
Bernelot MoensSJVerweijSLSchnitzlerJG, et al.Remnant cholesterol elicits arterial wall inflammation and a multilevel cellular immune response in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2017; 37: 969–75.
6.
QuispeRManalacRJFaridiKF, et al.Relationship of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio to the remainder of the lipid profile: the very large database of lipids-4 (VLDL-4) study. Atherosclerosis2015; 242: 243–50.
7.
DobiasovaMFrohlichJSedovaMCheungMCBrownBG. Cholesterol esterification and atherogenic index of plasma correlate with lipoprotein size and findings on coronary angiography. J Lipid Res2011; 52: 566–71.
8.
LiYWKaoTWChangPKChenWLWuLW. Atherogenic index of plasma as predictors for metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Taiwan citizens: a 9-year longitudinal study. Sci Rep2021; 11: 9900.
9.
ShenSWLuYLiF, et al.Atherogenic index of plasma is an effective index for estimating abdominal obesity. Lipids Health Dis2018; 17: 11.
10.
CaiGJLiuWLvS, et al.Gender-specific associations between atherogenic index of plasma and the presence and severity of acute coronary syndrome in very young adults: a hospital-based observational study. Lipids Health Dis2019; 18: 99.
11.
WuTTGaoYZhengYYMaYTXieX. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP): a novel predictive indicator for the coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Lipids Health Dis2018; 17: 197.
12.
QinZZhouKLiYP, et al.The atherogenic index of plasma plays an important role in predicting the prognosis of type 2 diabetic subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from an observational cohort study in China. Cardiovasc Diabetol2020; 19: 23.
13.
ZhouKQinZTianJFCuiKYYanYFLyuSZ. The atherogenic index of plasma: a powerful and reliable predictor for coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Angiology2021; 72: 934–41.
14.
WilliamsBManciaGSpieringW, et al.ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J2018; 39: 3021–104.
15.
BuseJBWexlerDJTsapasA, et al.2019 Update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care2020; 43: 487–93.
16.
MortensenMBDzayeOSteffensenFH, et al.Impact of plaque burden versus stenosis on ischemic events in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol2020; 76: 2803–13.
LiSHTangXXLuoYT, et al.Impact of long-term glucose variability on coronary atherosclerosis progression in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 2.3 year follow-up study. Cardiovasc Diabetol2020; 19: 146.
19.
AbbaraSBlankePMaroulesCD, et al.SCCT guidelines for the performance and acquisition of coronary computed tomographic angiography: a report of the society of Cardiovascular computed tomography guidelines committee: endorsed by the North American society for cardiovascular imaging (NASCI). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr2016; 10: 435–49.
20.
QinYHYanGLQiaoYMaCLLiuJCTangCC. Relationship between random blood glucose, fasting blood glucose, and gensini score in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Biomed Res Int2019; 2019: 9707513.
21.
PatelRSSuSYNeelandIJ, et al.The chromosome 9p21 risk locus is associated with angiographic severity and progression of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J2010; 31: 3017–23.
22.
SalinasCAAChapmanMJ. Remnant lipoproteins: are they equal to or more atherogenic than LDL?Curr Opin Lipidol2020; 31: 132–9.
23.
SandesaraPBViraniSSFazioSShapiroMD. The forgotten lipids: triglycerides, remnant cholesterol, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Endocr Rev2019; 40: 537–57.
24.
FujiharaYNakamuraTHorikoshiT, et al.Remnant lipoproteins are residual risk factor for future cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease and on-statin low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <70 mg/dL. Circ J2019; 83: 1302–8.
25.
CaoYXZhangHWJinJL, et al.Prognostic utility of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-related markers in patients with coronary artery disease. J Lipid Res2020; 61: 1254–62.
26.
QuispeRMartinSSMichosED, et al.Remnant cholesterol predicts cardiovascular disease beyond LDL and ApoB: a primary prevention study. Eur Heart J2021; 42: 4324–32.
27.
ElshazlyMBManiPNissenS, et al.Remnant cholesterol, coronary atheroma progression and clinical events in statin-treated patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol2020; 27: 1091–100.
28.
XiangQYTianFLinQZ, et al.Comparison of remnant cholesterol levels estimated by calculated and measured LDL-C levels in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta2020; 500: 75–80.
29.
HeidemannBEKoopalCBotsMLAsselbergsFWWesterinkJVisserenFLJ. The relation between VLDL-cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with manifest cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol2021; 322: 251–7.
30.
EdwardsMKBlahaMJLoprinziPD. Atherogenic index of plasma and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predict mortality risk better than individual cholesterol risk factors, among an older adult population. Mayo Clin Proc2017; 92: 680–1.
31.
HuangHMYuXLLiLM, et al.Atherogenic index of plasma is related to coronary atherosclerotic disease in elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis2021; 20: 68.
32.
WonKBJangMHParkEJ, et al.Atherogenic index of plasma and the risk of advanced subclinical coronary artery disease beyond traditional risk factors: an observational cohort study. Clin Cardiol2020; 43: 1398–404.
33.
WonKBHeoRParkHB, et al.Atherogenic index of plasma and the risk of rapid progression of coronary atherosclerosis beyond traditional risk factors. Atherosclerosis2021; 324: 46–51.
34.
ZhuYChenMLLiuKS, et al.Atherogenic index of plasma and the risk of in-stent restenosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome beyond the traditional risk factors. J Atheroscler Thromb2021, 63136. DOI: 10.5551/jat.63136.
35.
DobiasovaM. Atherogenic impact of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and its relation to cholesterol esterification rate in HDL (FER HDL) and AIP [log(TG/HDL-C)] biomarkers: the butterfly effect?Physiol Res2017; 66: 193–203.
36.
LambieMBonominiMDaviesSJAcciliDArduiniAZammitV. Insulin resistance in cardiovascular disease, uremia, and peritoneal dialysis. Trends Endocrinol Metab2021; 32: 721–30.
37.
ChenYXChangZGLiuYJ, et al.Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular events in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis2022; 32: 318–29.
38.
MazidiMKengneAPKatsikiNMikhailidisDPBanachM. Lipid accumulation product and triglycerides/glucose index are useful predictors of insulin resistance. J Diabetes Complications2018; 32: 266–70.
39.
CapomollaASJandaEPaoneS, et al.Atherogenic index reduction and weight loss in metabolic syndrome patients treated with a novel pectin-enriched formulation of bergamot polyphenols. Nutrients2019; 11: 1271.
40.
NamJSKimMKNamJY, et al.Association between atherogenic index of plasma and coronary artery calcification progression in Korean adults. Lipids Health Dis2020; 19: 157.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
