Stroke Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm. Published and Updated on March 24, 2015. Accessed on December 15, 2015.
2.
GoASMozaffarianDRogerVL; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129(3):e28–e292.
3.
NaylorAR. Why is the management of asymptomatic carotid disease so controversial?Surgeon. 2015;13(1):34–43.
4.
Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273(18):1421–1428.
5.
HallidayAMansfieldAMarroJ; MRC Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9420):1491–1502.
6.
HobsonRW2ndWeissDGFieldsWS. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(4):221–227.
7.
RicottaJJAburahmaAAscherEEskandariMFariesPLalBK; Society for Vascular Surgery. Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(3):e1–e31.
8.
BrottTGHalperinJLAbbaraS; American College of Cardiology; American Stroke Association; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; American College of Radiology; American College of Radiology; Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery; Society for Vascular Medicine; Society for Vascular Surgery. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/ SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation. 2011;124(4):e54–e130. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8c98.
9.
ParaskevasKIHamiltonGMikhailidisDP. Statins: an essential component in the management of carotid artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(2):373–386.
10.
AbbottAL. Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Stroke. 2009;40(10):e573–e583.
11.
AbbottA. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis--it’s time to stop operating. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008;4(1):4–5.
12.
AbbottALNicolaidesAN. Improving outcomes in patients with carotid stenosis: call for better research opportunities and standards. Stroke. 2015;46(1):7–8.
13.
LearyMCSaverJL. Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(3):280–285.
14.
RothwellPMWarlowCP. Timing of TIAs preceding stroke: time window for prevention is very short. Neurology. 2005;64(5):817–820.
15.
NorthcottSMossBHarrisonKHilariK. A systematic review of the impact of stroke on social support and social networks: associated factors and patterns of change. [published online September 1, 2015.] Clin Rehabil. 2015. pii:0269215515602136
16.
MinKBMinJY. Health-related quality of life is associated with stroke deficits in older adults. Age Ageing. 2015;44(4):700–704.
17.
AbbottAL. Critical issues that need to be addressed to improve outcomes for patients with carotid stenosis [published online February 27, 2016]. Angiology. 2016. doi:10.1177/0003319716631266
18.
MasJLTrinquartLLeysD; EVA-3S investigators. Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3 S) trial: results up to 4 years from a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(10):885–892.
19.
EcksteinHHRinglebPAllenbergJR. Results of the Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy (SPACE) study to treat symptomatic stenoses at 2 years: a multinational, prospective, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(10):893–902.
20.
International Carotid Stenting Study Investigators, EderleJDobsonJFeatherstoneRL. Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9719):985–997.
21.
BrottTGHobsonRW2ndHowardG; CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):11–23
22.
European Stroke Organisation, TenderaMAboyansVBartelinkML; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011;32(22):2851–2906.
23.
Carotid Stenting Guidelines Committee: An Intercollegiate Committee of the RACP (ANZAN, CSANZ), RACS (ANZSVS) and RANZCR. Guidelines for patient selection and performance of carotid artery stenting. Intern Med J. 2011;41(4):344–347.
24.
MooreWS. Issues to be addressed and hopefully resolved in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial 2[published online October 11, 2015]. Angiology. 2015. doi:10.1177/0003319715611281
25.
NaylorARGainesPARothwellPM. Who benefits most from intervention for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: patients or professionals?Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;37(6):625–632.
26.
ParaskevasKISpenceJDVeithFJNicolaidesAN. Identifying which patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis could benefit from intervention. Stroke. 2014;45(12):3720–3724.
27.
AbbottALChambersBRStorkJLLeviCRBladinCFDonnanGA. Embolic signals and prediction of ipsilateral stroke or transient ischemic attack in asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1128–1133.
28.
SpenceJDCoatesVLiH. Effects of intensive medical therapy on microemboli and cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(2):180–186.
