GBD 2013 mortality and causes of death collaboration. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171.
2.
KannelWBDawberTRRevotskieNStokesJ III. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease: six year follow-up experience. The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1961;55:33–50.
3.
MozaffarianDBenjaminEJGoAS. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29–e322.
4.
HackamDGAnandSS. Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease: a critical review of the evidence. JAMA. 2003;290(7):932–940.
5.
HlatkyMAGreenlandPArnettDK. American Heart Association Expert Panel on Subclinical Atherosclerotic Diseases and Emerging Risk Factors and the Stroke Council. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of CV risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;119(17):2408–2416.
6.
VlachopoulosCAznaouridisKStefanadisC. Aortic stiffness for cardiovascular risk prediction: just measure it, just do it. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(7):647–649.
7.
Ben-ShlomoYSpearsMBoustredC. Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(7):636–646.
8.
PapademetriouVKatsikiNDoumasMFaselisC. Halting arterial aging in patients with cardiovascular disease: hypolipidemic and antihypertensive therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(40):6339–6349.
9.
FuSLuoLYePXiaoW. Multi-marker analysis for new biomarkers in relation to central arterial stiffness and hemodynamics in a Chinese community-dwelling population. Angiology. 2015. doi: 10.1177/0003319715573910.
10.
KatsikiNKoumarasCAthyrosVGKaragiannisA. Thinking beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors: the role of arterial stiffness in targeting residual risk. Angiology. 2012;63(1):9–11.
11.
AthyrosVGTziomalosKKaragiannisAMikhailidisDP. Genetic, epidemiologic and clinical data strongly suggest that fasting or non-fasting triglycerides are independent cardiovascular risk factors. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31(3):435–438.
12.
KatsikiNAthyrosVGKaragiannisAMikhailidisDP. High density lipoprotein, vascular risk, cancer and infection: a case of quantity and quality?Curr Med Chem. 2014;21(25):2917–2926.
13.
KothapaliDLiuSLBaeYH. Cardiovascular protection by ApoE and ApoE-HDL linked to suppression of ECM gene expression and arterial stiffening. Cell Reports. 2012;2(5):1259–1271.
14.
Van den BogaardBHolleboomAGDuivenvoordenR. Patients with low HDL-cholesterol caused by mutations in LCAT have increased arterial stiffness. Atherosclerosis. 2012;225(2):481–485.
15.
ShimizuYNakazatoMSekitaT. Association of arterial stiffness and diabetes with triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio for Japanese men: the Nagasaki Islands Study. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228(2):491–495.
16.
UrbinaEMKhouryPRMcCoyCEDolanLMDanielsSRKimballTR. Triglyceride to HDL-C ratio and increased arterial stiffness in children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics. 2013;131(4):e1082–e1090.
17.
HongoMTsutsuiHMawatariE. Fluvastatin improves arterial stiffness in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperlipidemia. A 5-year follow-up study. Circ J. 2008;72(5):722–728.
18.
WangGHeLLiuJ. Coronary flow velocity reserve is improved by PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Cardiovasc Ther. 2013;31(3):161–167.
19.
RyanKEMcCanceDRPowellLMcMahonRTrimbleER. Fenofibrate and pioglitazone improve endothelial function and reduce arterial stiffness in obese glucose tolerant men. Atherosclerosis. 2007;194(2):e123–e130.
20.
HiukkaAWesterbackaJLeinonenES. Long-term effects of fenofibrate on carotid intima-media thickness and augmentation index in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(25):2190–2197.
21.
SandersTAHallWLManiouZLewisFSeedPTChowienczykPJ. Effect of low doses of long-chain n-3 PUFAs on endothelial function and arterial stiffness: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(4):973–980.
22.
PaseMPGrimaNASarrisJ. Do long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduce arterial stiffness? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(7):974–980.
23.
LevyDHwangSJKayalarA. Associations of plasma natriuretic peptide, adrenomedullin, and homocysteine levels with alterations in arterial stiffness: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;115(24):3079–3085.
24.
LiebWLarsonMGBenjaminEJ. Multimarker approach to evaluate correlates of vascular stiffness: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2009;119(1):37–43.
25.
VermeulenEGJNiessenHMWBogelsMStehouwerCDARauwerdaJAvan HinsberghVWM. Decreased smooth muscle cell/extracellular matrix ratio of media of femoral artery in patients with atherosclerosis and hyperhomocysteinemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:573–577.
26.
DurgaJBotsMLSchoutenEG. Effect of 3 y of folic acid supplementation on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid arterial stiffness in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):941–949.
27.
AthyrosVGKatsikiNDoumasMKaragiannisAMikhailidisDP. Effect of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on plasma lipoproteins, and associated major cardiovascular risk factors: a narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(10):1263–1274.
28.
KoumarasCTzimouMStavrinouE. Role of antihypertensive drugs in arterial ‘de-stiffening’ and central pulsatile hemodynamics. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2012;12(3):143–56.
29.
KoumarasCTziomalosKStavrinouE. Effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and beta-blockers on markers of arterial stiffness. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8(2):74–82.
30.
DoumasMGkaliagkousiEKatsikiN. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics: not all fingers are made the same. Open Hypertens J. 2013;5(suppl 1):75–81.