The Importance of Conservative Measures in Peripheral Arterial Disease: An Update

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Alzamora MT , Baena-Diez JM , Sorribes M. , et al. Peripheral Arterial Disease study (PERART): prevalence and predictive values of asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:348.

Shammas NW Epidemiology, classification and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3:229-234.

Sritara P. , Sritara C. , Woodward M. , et al. Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in a selected Thai population. Angiology. 2007 ;58:572-578.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lower extremity disease among persons aged > or =40 years with and without diabetes-United States, 1992-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:1158-1160.

Ostchega Y. , Paulose-Ram R. , Dillon CF , et al. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors in persons aged 60 and older: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:583-589.

Steinberg BA , Ballantyne CM , Bhatt DL , et al. An annual, prospective, international study of outpatients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors: design and methods of the CardioMonitor registry. Crit Pathw Cardiol . 2007;6:72-75.

Doubeni CA , Yood RA , Emani S. , Gurwitz JH Identifying unrecognized peripheral arterial disease among asymptomatic patients in the primary care setting. Angiology. 2006 ;57:171-180.

Lacroix P. , Aboyans V. , Voronin D. , Le Guvader A. , Cautres M. , Lasker M. High prevalence of undiagnosed patients with peripheral arterial disease in patients hospitalised for non-vascular disorders. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:59-64.

Poredos P. , Jug B. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in high risk subjects and coronary or cerebrovascular patients. Angiology. 2007 ;58:309-315.

10.

Paraskevas KI , Mikhailidis DP , Liapis CD Internal carotid artery occlusion: association with atherosclerotic disease in other arterial beds and vascular risk factors . Angiology. 2007;58:329-335.

11.

Hooi JD , Stoffers HE , Knotterus JA , Van Ree JW The prognosis of non-critical ischemia of population-based epidemiological evidence. Br J Gen Pract. 1999;49:49-55.

12.

Nukumizu Y. , Matsushita M. , Sakurai T. , Kobavashi M. , Nishikimi N. , Komori K. Comparison of Doppler and oscillometric ankle blood pressure measurement in patients with angiographically documented lower extremity arterial occlusive disease. Angiology. 2007;58: 303-308.

13.

Huegli RW , Aschwanden M. , Bongartz G. , et al. Intraarterial MR angiography and DSA in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: prospective comparison. Radiology . 2006;239:901-908.

14.

Bui TD , Gelfand D. , Whipple S. , et al. Comparison of CT and catheter arteriography for evaluation of peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2005;39:481-490.

15.

Fleischmann D. , Hallett RL , Rubin GD CT angiography of peripheral arterial disease . J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:3-26.

16.

Janka R. , Wenkel E. , Fellner C. , Lang W. , Bautz W. , Uder M. Magnetic resonance angiography of the peripheral vessels in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: when is an additional conventional angiography required? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29:220-229.

17.

Baumgartner I. , Thoeny HC , Kummer O. , et al. Leg ischemia: assessment with MR angiography and spectroscopy. Radiology. 2005;234:833-841.

18.

Alnaeb ME , Crabtree VP , Boutin A. , Mikhailidis DP , Seifalian AM , Hamilton G. Prospective assessment of lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients using a novel automated optical device. Angiology . 2007;58:579-585.

19.

Alnaeb ME , Alobaid N. , Seifalian AM , et al. Optical techniques in the assessment of peripheral arterial disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2007;5:53-59.

20.

Parameswaran GI , Brand K. , Dolan J. Pulse oximetry as a potential screening tool for lower extremity arterial disease in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:442-446.

21.

Kakafika AI , Mikhailidis DP Smoking and aortic disease. Circ J. 2007;71:1173-1180.

22.

Rahman MM , Laher I. Structural and functional alteration of blood vessels caused by cigarette smoking: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Curr Vasc Pharmacol . 2007;5:276-292.

23.

Baker JF , Schumacher HR , Krishnan E. Serum uric acid level and risk for peripheral arterial disease: analysis of data from the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Angiology . 2007;58:450-457.

24.

Youssef F. , Gupta P. , Mikhailidis DP , et al. Risk modification in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a retrospective survey. Angiology. 2005;56:279-287.

25.

Willigendael EM , Teijink JA , Bartelink ML , et al. Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg . 2004;40:1158-1165.

26.

Giannini D. , Leone A. , Di Bisceglie D. , et al. The effects of acute passive smoke exposure on endothelium-dependent brachial artery dilation in healthy individuals. Angiology . 2007;58:211-217.

27.

Duprez DA Pharmacological interventions for peripheral artery disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8: 1465-1477.

28.

Robless P. , Mikhailidis D. , Stansby G. Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1:CD003748. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD0037 48.pub3.

29.

Crowther RG , Spinks WL , Leicht AS , Sangla K. , Quiqley F. , Golledge J. Effects of a long-term exercise program on lower limb mobility, physiological responses, walking performance, and physical activity levels in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:303-309.

30.

McDermott MM , Liu K. , Ferrucci L. , et al. Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:10-20.

31.

Gardner AW , Clancy RJ The relationship between ankle-brachial index and leisure-time physical activity in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology. 2006;57:539-545.

32.

Gardner AW , Phoelman ET Exercise rehabilitation programs for the treatment of claudication pain: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 1995;274:975-980.

33.

Gardner AW , Montgomery PS , Parker DE Physical activity is a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47: 117-122.

34.

Garg PK , Tian L. , Criqui MH , et al. Physical activity during daily life and mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2006;114:242-248.

35.

Daskalopoulou SS , Daskalopoulos ME , Mikhailidis DP , et al. Lipid management and peripheral arterial disease. Curr Drug Targets. 2007;8:561-570.

36.

Feringa HH , Karagiannis SE , van Waning VH , et al. The effect of intensified lipid-lowering therapy on long-term prognosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:936-943.

37.

Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:645-654.

38.

Alnaeb ME , Alobaid N. , Seifalian AM , et al. Statins and peripheral arterial disease: potential mechanisms and clinical benefits. Ann Vasc Surg. 2006 ;20:696-705.

39.

Youssef F. , Gupta P. , Seifalian AM , Myint F. , Mikhailidis DP , Hamilton G. The effect of short-term treatment with simvastatin on renal function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology. 2004;55:53-62.

40.

Alnaeb ME , Youssef F. , Mikhailidis DP , et al. Short-term lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin improves renal function but not renal blood flow indices in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology. 2006;57:65-71.

41.

Spring S. , Simon R. , van der Loo B. , et al. High-dose atorvastatin in peripheral arterial disease (PAD): effect on endothelial function, intima-media-thickness and local progression of PAD. An open randomized controlled pilot trial. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99:182-189.

42.

Ward RP , Leeper NJ , Kirkpatrick JN , Lang RM , Sorrentino MJ , Williams KA The effect of preoperative statin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing infrainguinal vascular surgery. Int J Cardiol. 2005;104:264-268.

43.

Paraskevas KI , Liapis CD , Hamilton G. , et al. Can statins reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac vascular surgery? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:286-293.

44.

Poussa H. , Strandberg TE , Tikkanen I. , Kauhanen P. , Lepantalo M. Diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia are neglected in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2007 ;41:138-141.

45.

Federman DG , Ranani DC , Kirsner RS , Bravata DM Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with peripheral arterial disease: are guidelines being met? Mayo Clin Proc . 2005;80:494-498.

46.

Robless PA , Okonko D. , Lintott P. , et al. Increased platelet aggregation and activation in peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;25:16-22.

47.

Jagroop IA , Matsagas MI , Geroulakos G. , Mikhailidis DP The effect of clopidogrel, aspirin and both antiplatelet drugs on platelet function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Platelets . 2004;15:117-125.

48.

Robless P. , Mikhailidis DP , Stansby G. Systematic review of antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke or vascular death in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Br J Surg. 2001;88:787-800.

49.

Antithrombotic Trialists ' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86.

50.

CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329-1339.

51.

Yusuf S. , Sleight P. , Pogue J. , Bosch J. , Davies R. , Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145-153.

52.

Mehler PS , Coll JR , Estacio R. , et al. Intensive blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2003;107:753-756.

53.

Andersen CA , Roukis TS The diabetic foot. Surg Clin North Am. 2007;87:1149-1177.

54.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837-853.

55.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complication in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.

56.

Paraskevas KI , Mikhailidis DP Angiogenesis: a promising treatment option in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol . In press.

57.

Mikroulis D. , Papanas N. , Maltezos E. , Bougioukas G. Angiogenic growth factors in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2007;5: 195-209.

58.

Jia L. , Takahashi M. , Yoshioka T. , Morimoto H. , Ikeda U. Therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells for cardiovascular diseases . Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2006; 4:59-65.