The changes in serum concentrations of cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta, interleukin- 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and a soluble-intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM- 1) has been investigated in patients with stable angina and acute myocardial infarction. Thirty- four patients with stable angina (SA), 15 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and 20 subjects in the control (C) group were included in the study.
The mean serum concentrations of sICAM-1, IL-1-beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha differed signif icantly among the three groups. Serum concentrations of IL-1 beta, sICAM-1, and TNF-alpha were comparable in the AMI and SA groups and higher than those found in the C group (p<0.001). The serum concentration of IL-6 was more than twice as high in the AMI group as compared to the other two groups (p<0.001). The mean serum concentrations of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were comparable in the AMI and SA groups and higher than in the C group.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Vaddi K., Nicolini FA, Mehta P., et al: Increased tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ secretion by mononuclear leukocytes in ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol19:240A, 1992.
2.
Nilsson J.: Cytokines and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res27:1184-1190, 1993.
3.
Mann DL, Young JB: Basic mechanisms in congestive heart failure. Recognizing the role of proinflammatory cytokines. Chest105:897-904, 1994.
4.
Stemme S., Hansson GK: Immune mechanisms in atherogenesis. Ann Med26:141-146, 1994.
5.
Hasdai D., Scheinowitz M., Leibowitz E., et al: Increased serum concentrations of interleukin-1 beta in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart76:24-28, 1996.
6.
Seino Y., Ikeda M., Ymamato K., et al: Interleukin-6 gene transcripts are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. Cytokine6:87-91, 1994.
7.
Davies MJ, Thomas A.: Thrombosis and acute coronary artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death . N Engl J Med310:1137-1140, 1984 .
8.
Stern DM, Bank I., Nawroth PP, et al: Self-regulation of procoagulant events on the endothelial cell surface. J Exp Med162:1223-1235, 1985 .
9.
Smith CW: Molecular determinants of neutrophil adhesion. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol2:487-489, 1990.
10.
Pober JS: Effects of tumour necrosis factor and related cytokines on vascular endothelial cells. In: Tumor Necrosis Factor and Related Cytokines. Ciba Foundation Symposium. New York: Wiley, 1987, pp 170-184.
11.
Rossi V., Breviaro F., Ghezzi P., et al: Prostocycline synthesis induced in vascular cells by interleukin-1 . Science229:174-176, 1985.
12.
Libby P., Warner Sjc, Friedman GB: Interleukin 1: A mitogen for human vascular smooth muscle cells that induces the release of growth-inhibitory prostanoids. J Clin Invest81:487-498, 1988.
13.
Ku G., Thomas CE, Akeson AL, et al: Induction of interleukin-1 beta expression from human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages by 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid. J Biol Chem267:14183-14188, 1992 .
14.
Dinarello CA , Charles A., Wolff SM: The role of interleukin-1 in disease. N Engl J Med106:113, 1993.
15.
Virella L.: Interactions between bacterial lipopolysaccharides and serum lipoproteins and their possible role in coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J14(suppl K):118-124, 1993.
16.
Maury Cpj: Tumour necrosis factor—an overview. Acta Med Scand220:387-394, 1986.
17.
Le J., Vilcek J.: Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1: Cytokines with multiple overlapping biological activities. Lab Invest56:234-248, 1987.
18.
Dinerallo CA , Cannon JG, Wolff SM, et al: Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin-1. J Exp Med163:1433-1450, 1986.
19.
Shalaby MR, Aggarwal BB, Rinderknecht E., et al: Activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factors. J Immunol135:2069-2073, 1985.
20.
Nawroth PP, Stern DM: Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor . J Exp Med162:740-745, 1986.
21.
Couffinhal T., Duplaa C., Moreau C., et al: Regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res74:225-234, 1994.
22.
O'Brien KD, Allen MD, McDonald TO, et al: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest92: 945-951, 1993.
23.
Xin-liang Ma , Lefer DJ, Lefer AM, et al: Coronary endothelial and cardiac protective effects of a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation86:937-946, 1992.
24.
Miyao Y., Yasue H., Ogawa H., et al: Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J126:1299-1304, 1993.
25.
Jan Nilsson:Cytokines and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis . Cardiovascular Research27:1184-1190, 1993.
26.
Lopponow H. , Libby P.: Proliferation or interleukin-1 activated human vascular smooth muscle cells secrete copious interleukin 6 . J Clin Invest85:731-738, 1990.
27.
Manten A., de Winter RJ, Minnema MC, et al: Procoagulant and proinflammatory activity in acute coronary syndromes. Cardiovasc Res40:389-395, 1998.
28.
Mazzone A., De Servi S., Vezoli M., et al: Plasma levels of interleukins 2, 6, 10 and phenotypic characterization of circulating T lymphocytes in ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis145:369-374, 1999.
29.
Ross R.: Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med340:115-126, 1999.
