Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background

Thyroid nodule fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies are associated with a low false-negative rate. There is limited data regarding the predictive value of American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System for false-negative FNA.

Methods

This single-center retrospective study evaluated 119 patients who underwent thyroidectomy. The association of TR category, along with other clinical variables, with false-negative FNA was evaluated.

Results

The overall false-negative rate of FNA was 10.8% (n = 9). False-negative FNAs were associated with younger age (mean 42 years vs 50.6 years, P = .04), larger nodule size (mean 4.4 cm vs 3.2 cm, P = .03), and a lower TR category (median 3 v 4, P = .01).

Discussion

Lower TR category, younger age, and larger nodule size were associated with false-negative FNA of thyroid nodules. These findings should be taken into context when counseling patients with thyroid nodules who have a benign FNA.

Keywords

thyroid cancer TI-RADS ultrasound fine needle aspiration false negative

Key Takeaways

• Lower ACR TI-RADS category is associated with false-negative FNA of thyroid nodules.

• Younger age and larger nodule size are also associated with false-negative FNA.

• Consider continued surveillance or repeat FNA in at-risk thyroid nodules.

Introduction

Ultrasound plays an integral role in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules. Multiple societies including the American Thyroid Association, Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology, and European Thyroid Association have created classification systems to stratify the risk of malignancy for thyroid nodules based on ultrasound characteristics in attempts to decrease the number of unnecessary biopsies. The American College of Radiology (ACR) developed the ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) to determine which nodules are clinically relevant and warrant biopsy evaluation.¹

Once a nodule is deemed high enough risk to warrant biopsy, fine needle aspiration (FNA) is the preferred diagnostic maneuver. Fine needle aspirations are used to differentiate benign from malignant lesions, which in turn determines the need for surgical intervention. Though FNA false-negative rates are generally low, some studies have reported a false-negative rate as high as 21%; a literature review of 12 studies involving over 4000 patients with statistical modeling estimated that the sensitivity of FNA could be as low as 66%.^2,3 There are conflicting results regarding which factors impact false-negative rate including nodule size, multi-nodularity, microcarcinomas, and expert cytopathologist involvement.^4–6 Current American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for surveillance of nodules that have had a benign FNA are based on sonographic appearance of the nodule but without correlation to TI-RADS scoring or size.⁷ Indeed, few studies have investigated the relationship between ultrasound risk stratification systems and false-negative FNAs of thyroid nodules.^6,8 Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between false-negative FNA and ACR TI-RADS category (TR category).

Material and Methods

Following exemption from the Institutional Review Board at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, all adult patients who underwent thyroidectomy between January 2017 and June 2022 at a single urban safety-net hospital were identified by chart review. Patients who were missing preoperative US or FNA or who had a prior history of thyroidectomy were excluded. Retrospective chart review was used to collect data on patient demographics, clinical symptoms, ACR TI-RADS category (TR), nodule size, Bethesda score, FNA cytology, and surgical pathology.

The primary outcome was false-negative FNA. False negative was defined as a nodule with an FNA Bethesda score of 2 and a malignant surgical pathology. Microcarcinomas, defined as malignancy <1 cm on surgical pathology, were not considered as false negatives. In patients with multiple nodules, each nodule that underwent FNA was independently assessed for evaluation and matched to final pathology based on pathologic description of location. In patients with multiple nodules, each nodule that underwent FNA was independently assessed for evaluation and matched to final pathology based on pathologic description of location. Fine needle aspiration cytopathology was categorized according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology.⁹ Ultrasound findings were reported according to ACR TI-RADS category.¹ Given ACR TI-RADS was not widely adopted at our institution until 2018, patients who did not have a charted TR category were retrospectively reviewed by our radiologists, who were blinded to the pathologic results of the nodules.

This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guidelines. Data were collected into a Microsoft Excel database (Microsoft Corp) and imported to SAS format version 9.4 (SAS Institute) for statistical analyses. All variables were evaluated with descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were described as proportions and continuous variables were described as means or medians with 95%CI or interquartile ranges, as appropriate. For categorical variables (Bethesda score, TR category, and final pathologic subtype), chi-square analysis with odds ratios and their 95%CI were described. Fisher’s exact test was utilized to adjust for those cells with <5 units of analysis. For continuous variables, such as nodule size and age, median and mean values were compared between the positive and false-negative cohorts. The diagnostic test characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, etc) for FNA were also described. Statistical significance was determined at a P < .05 or if the 95%CI did not cross unity (effect estimates for OR would not cross 1, and continuous differences would not cross 0).

Results

One hundred and sixty-six patients underwent thyroidectomy between 2017 and 2022. A total of 47 patients were excluded, 44 for missing preoperative US or FNA and 3 for history of prior thyroidectomy, yielding a total of 119 patients. Of these patients, there were 135 distinct nodules that underwent US and FNA evaluation. The overall population was 84% female with a mean age of 61 years. The cohort was predominantly Hispanic (63%, n = 75). There were 107 (90%) patients with multiple nodules identified on US. The majority (85.7%) of patients were symptomatic. The most common symptomatic presentations were a palpable neck mass in 57% of patients and mass effect (ie, dysphagia and dyspnea) in 31.9% of patients. Demographics and nodule characteristics are demonstrated in Table 1.

Table 1.

Patient Demographics and Clinical Characteristics.

n = 119	n	%
Female	100	84.0
Age, mean (range)	61 (20-79)
Race
Asian	10	8.4
Black/African American	16	13.4
Hispanic	75	63.0
White	10	8.4
Other/unknown	8	6.7
Symptomatic	102	75.6
Neck mass	77	57.0
Mass effect	43	31.9
Pain	6	4.4
Hypothyroid	10	7.4
Hyperthyroid	11	8.2
Multi-nodular	107	90.0
Surgery performed
Total thyroidectomy	90	75.6
Hemi-thyroidectomy	29	24.4

On ultrasound evaluation, 96.5% were classified as TR 3-5, with median TR 4 (42.2%). On FNA evaluation, 50 (36%) were Bethesda 6 (malignant), 41 (30.4%) were Bethesda 2 (benign), and 11 (8.2%) were Bethesda 1 (non-diagnostic). On final surgical pathology, 65.1% had malignancies. The most common pathology was classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (n = 37, 27.4%) and follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) (n = 28, 20.7%). The other 32.9% of final surgical pathologies were benign, with the most common being multi-nodular goiter (n = 29, 21.5%). Table 2 demonstrates the ultrasound and pathologic results of the FNA tests.

Table 2.

Ultrasound and Pathology Results.

n = 135	n	%
ACR TI-RADS category
1—Benign	3	2.2
2—Not suspicious for malignancy	2	1.3
3—Mildly suspicious	43	31.9
4—Moderately suspicious	57	42.4
5—Highly suspicious	30	22.2
Bethesda score
1—Non-diagnostic	11	8.2
2—Benign	41	30.4
3—Atypia	2	1.5
4—Follicular neoplasm	22	16.3
5—Suspicious for malignancy	9	6.7
6—Malignant	50	36.0
Surgical pathology
FTC^a	22	16.3
PTC^b	37	27.4
FVPTC^c	28	20.7
Anaplastic carcinoma	1	0.7
Multi-nodular goiter	29	21.5
Follicular adenoma	11	8.2
Thyroiditis	3	2.2
Benign other	4	3.0

False-negative FNA (n = 9)
ACR TI-RADS category
3—Mildly suspicious	7	77.8
4—Moderately suspicious	2	22.2
Surgical pathology
FTC^a	7	77.8
FVPTC^c	2	22.2

^aFollicular thyroid carcinoma.

^bPapillary thyroid carcinoma.

^cFollicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma.

The sensitivity of the FNA in this study was 89.2% with a specificity of 84.2%. The positive predictive value of the FNA was 89.2%, and the negative predictive value was 78%. Eleven non-diagnostic FNAs were excluded from this analysis, which resulted in 5 malignant and 6 benign surgical pathologies. The overall accuracy of the test was 85.5% with a false-negative rate of 10.8%. The negative predictive values (NPV) of each TIRAD category are as follows: TR 3 .68, TR 4 .86, and TR 5 1.0.

Overall, there were 9 false-negative FNAs. Of these false-negative FNAs, 7 were TR 3 and 2 were TR 4 categories. On final surgical pathology, these revealed 7 follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC) and 2 FVPTC. In comparing the 9 false negatives to the rest of the 126 FNAs in the cohort, lower TR category was significantly associated with a false negative: median TR 3 vs 4, respectively (P = .01). False negatives were significantly associated with a younger age: mean 42 vs 50.6 years, respectively (P = .04). Additionally, false negatives were significantly associated with larger nodule size: mean of 4.4 cm vs 3.2 cm, respectively (P = .03). In subgroup analysis comparing false negative to true negatives, only younger age remained statistically significantly associated with false-negative FNA, with a mean of 42 vs 51.9 years (P = .03). Table 3 demonstrates the analysis of false-negative FNAs.

Table 3.

Association With False-Negative FNA.

	False Negative (n = 9)	True Positive/True Negative (n = 126)	P-Value
Age, mean (range)	42 (34-55)	50.6 (20-79)	P = .04
Nodule size cm, mean (range)	4.4 (2.9-7.1)	3.2 (.7-11.3)	P = .03
ACR TI-RADS^a category, median (range)	3 (3-4)	4 (1-5)	P = .01

^aAmerican College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System.

Discussion

Prior studies have evaluated Korean TIRAD (K-TIRAD) scores in association with false negatives and found that nodules >3 cm with a K-TIRAD 4 (intermediate suspicion of malignancy) lesion or greater were associated with a higher rate of false negatives.^6,8 Similarly, in nodules >4 cm with suspicious US patterns, the false-negative rate was 42.5% and lobectomy was recommended in these patients.⁷ Current ATA guidelines for surveillance of thyroid nodules with benign FNAs recommend repeat biopsy at 1 year only for nodules with high suspicion ultrasound pattern.¹⁰ As such, it is of interest that our study found that false-negative FNAs were more likely to be associated with nodules with a mean score of TR 3, and TR 3 nodules have an NPV of .68 which was significantly lower than any other TIRAD category. TR 3 nodules are defined as having mildly suspicious ultrasound features, and ACR recommendations are for biopsy only for those nodules greater than 2.5 cm.

One factor that may explain the association with lower TR category is the prevalence FVPTC or FTC in the false-negative nodules. These malignancies tend to have less suspicious findings on US, with FVPTCs classified as “probably benign” in up to 25% of cases.¹¹ The US features of FVPTC are typically benign in nature and not strongly suggestive of malignancy. They generally appear to be hypoechoic solid nodules but lack calcifications, and this was demonstrated for false-negative nodules in our study that resulted in FVPTC (Figure 1). When evaluated by K-TIRADS, FTCs typically are low (K-TIRAD 3) to intermediate suspicion (K-TIRAD 4) for malignancy on US in 88.9% of cases.¹² In stark contrast, classic PTCs were highly suspicious for malignancy (K-TIRADS 5) in 78.9% of cases, compared to 11.1% of FTCs. Furthermore, FVPTC tends to be characterized by abundant colloid and lack papillary formations or psammoma bodies, and as such, FNAs are more likely to be interpreted as benign.¹³ In our current study, 7 of the 9 false-negative FNAs were TR 3 indicating mild suspicion for malignancy, and none of the nodules were highly suspicious for malignancy.

Figure 1.

False-negative TR 3 nodule. Large nodule occupying nearly half of the thyroid gland. Determined TR 3 due to being a solid nodule (2 points) that is isoechoic to the gland (1 point) without any suspicious features. Fine needle aspiration of this nodule was benign while final pathology resulted in follicular variant papillary thyroid cancer.

The current literature is also conflicting regarding the risk false-negative FNA and the subsequent management of larger thyroid nodules. Indeed, the ATA guidelines do not mention size when making recommendations for follow-up of benign FNAs. Several studies have found that nodules >4 cm are at a higher risk of false-negative FNA.^5,14 Wharry et al found the incidence of malignancy in nodules >4 cm was 22% with a false-negative rate of 10.4%. Additionally, US was not helpful in determining malignant from benign nodules.¹⁴ These studies recommend lobectomy for large thyroid nodules based on size alone. Conversely, several studies found in the setting of an adequate sample, proper cytologic preparation, and analysis by an expert cytopathologist, the false-negative rate of nodules >3-4 cm was less than 1%.^4,15 These authors do not recommend using size alone as criteria for lobectomy.^14,15 Our findings support that larger nodules are significantly associated with false-negative FNAs. This association may be influenced by the prevalence of FTC in the false-negative FNAs in this study. Prior studies have demonstrated that while thyroid cancer risk is not overall increased in nodules >2 cm, the risk of FTC in particular increases with nodule size.¹⁶ Therefore, given the increased risk of FTC and the potential risk of increased false-negative FNA in larger nodules, clinicians should consider the role of continued surveillance or repeat FNA if initial cytology is benign in larger nodules.

Younger age was also found to be associated with a higher risk of false-negative FNA in our study. Although older patients tend to have higher-risk thyroid malignancies when found, Kwong et al found the incidence of malignancy in newly identified nodules steadily declines from age 20 to 60 years. In the youngest cohort of patients (age 20-29) the incidence of thyroid malignancy was 22.9%, compared to 12.6% in the oldest cohort (age >70).¹⁷ In addition, age <55 years was found to be 3.7-fold more likely to have a false-negative FNA in nodules >4 cm.¹⁸ This study supports that younger patients are at a higher risk of false-negative FNA. Given that incidence of malignancy in nodules is higher in younger patients and who are at a higher risk of false negatives, age should be considered when interpreting FNA results and counseling patients on benign findings.

The overall consequence of a false-negative biopsy and not undergoing subsequent surgery is considered to be low. One study followed over a thousand patients with initially benign FNAs for a total of 8.5 years.¹⁹ During the study period, 18 false-negative malignancies were identified and resected at a mean of 4.5 years after the initial biopsy. In the entire cohort, there were no deaths attributed to thyroid cancer during the follow-up period. While these good results present a sense of comfort regarding false-negative biopsies, it remains hard to justify discounting the risk given the young age of the patients in our study with false-negative biopsies. It must also be pointed out that most of our patients did undergo subsequent radioactive iodine ablation for their malignancies. Although their outcomes are likely to be good, the delay in diagnosis of cancer was not inconsequential.

There are several limitations to this study. First, this was a retrospective study using surgical pathology as the criterion standard to distinguish false negative from true negatives. This could confer selection bias for larger, symptomatic lesions, as in indication for surgical intervention. Studies have supported the use of two negative biopsies as an indicator as a true negative with a less than 1.3% false negative rate, and this criteria should be considered for future studies.²⁰ Additionally, there were few false negatives in the study, which limited the power to detect differences in our subgroup analysis. Larger studies are warranted to further investigate the relationship of false-negative FNA with ACR TI-RADS category.

Lower ACR TI-RADS score, younger age, and larger nodule size are associated with false-negative thyroid FNA. These factors should be taken into consideration when counseling patients with a benign FNA and determining the need for continued follow-up or repeat biopsy.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interest

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Katrina L. Dimaano

References

Tessler

Middleton

Grant

, et al. ACR thyroid imaging, reporting and data system (TI-RADS): white paper of the ACR TI-RADS committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5):587-595. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.046

Tee

Lowe

Brand

Judson

. Fine-needle aspiration may miss a third of all malignancy in palpable thyroid nodules: a comprehensive literature review. Ann Surg. 2007;246(5):714-720. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3180f61adc

Yeh

Demircan

Ituarte

Clark

. False-negative fine-needle aspiration cytology results delay treatment and adversely affect outcome in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2004;14(3):207-215. doi:10.1089/105072504773297885

Porterfield

Grant

Dean

, et al. Reliability of benign fine needle aspiration cytology of large thyroid nodules. Surgery. 2008;144(6):963-969. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2008.09.006

Karadeniz

Yur

Temiz

Akçay

. Malignancy risk for thyroid nodules larger than 4 cm and diagnostic reliability of ultrasound-guided FNAB results. Turk J Surg. 2019;35(1):13-18. doi:10.5578/turkjsurg.4029

Ahn

Baek

Sung

Kim

. False negative rate of fine-needle aspiration in thyroid nodules: impact of nodule size and ultrasound pattern. Head Neck. 2019;41(4):967-973. doi:10.1002/hed.25530

Kim

Lee

Soh

Chang

Park

. Suspicious thyroid nodules 4 cm require a diagnostic lobectomy regardless of their benign fine needle aspiration results. Asian J Surg. 2022;45(5):1113-1116. doi:10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.08.005

Nam

Kwak

Moon

Yoon

Kim

Koo

. Large (≥3 cm) thyroid nodules with benign cytology: can Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) help predict false-negative cytology? Schmitt F. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(10):e0186242. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186242

Cibas

Ali

. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017;27(11):1341-1346. doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0500

10.

Haugen

Alexander

Bible

, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020

11.

Yoon

Kwon

Kim

Moon

Kwak

. The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: characteristics of preoperative ultrasonography and cytology. Ultrasonography. 2016;35(1):47-54. doi:10.14366/usg.15037

12.

Park

Kim

Baek

Lee

Baek

. Korean thyroid imaging reporting and data system features of follicular thyroid adenoma and carcinoma: a single-center study. Ultrasonography. 2017;36(4):349-354. doi:10.14366/usg.17020

13.

Sheahan

Mohamed

Ryan

, et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: differences from conventional disease in cytologic findings and high-risk features. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 2014;140(12):1117. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.2548

14.

Wharry

McCoy

Stang

, et al.

Thyroid nodules (≥4 cm): can ultrasound and cytology reliably exclude cancer?

World J Surg. 2014;38(3):614-621. doi:10.1007/s00268-013-2261-9

15.

Megwalu

. Risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules 4 cm or Larger. Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):77. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.77

16.

Kamran

Marqusee

Kim

, et al. Thyroid nodule size and prediction of cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(2):564-570. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2968

17.

Kwong

Medici

Angell

, et al. The influence of patient age on thyroid nodule formation, multinodularity, and thyroid cancer risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(12):4434-4440. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3100

18.

Sutton

Canner

Rooper

Prescott

Zeiger

Mathur

. Is patient age associated with risk of malignancy in a ≥4 cm cytologically benign thyroid nodule? Am J Surg. 2021;221(1):111-116. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.034

19.

Nou

Kwong

Alexander

Cibas

Marqusee

Alexander

. Determination of the optimal time interval for repeat evaluation after a benign thyroid nodule aspiration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(2):510-516. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3160

20.

Chehade

Silverberg

Kim

Case

Mooradian

. Role of repeated fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules with benign cytologic features. Endocr Pract. 2001;7(4):237-243. doi:10.4158/EP.7.4.237

The Utility of ACR TI-RADS in Predicting False-Negative Fine Needle Aspiration for Thyroid Cancer

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Discussion

Keywords

Key Takeaways

Introduction

Material and Methods

Results

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interest

Funding

ORCID iD

References