War has the unique ability to intensify obstacles that surgeons face daily in civilian hospitals. After a brief overview of the historical context of the first and second world wars, this article will focus on how those daily challenges, namely limited skill, bleeding, and infection, led to an era of surgical innovation and standardization of surgical education.
HurwitzBDupreeM. Why celebrate Joseph Lister?Lancet. 2012;379(9820):e39-e40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60245-1
2.
ListerJ. Illustrations of the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery. Lancet. 1867;90(2309):668-669. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)58116-2
3.
MooreW. The Knife Man : The Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery. New York: Broadway Books; 2005.
4.
BarrJCancioLCSmithDJBradleyMJElsterEA. From trench to bedside: Military surgery during world war I upon its centennial. Mil Med. 2019;184(11-12):214-220. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz130
5.
GabrielRA. Between Flesh and Steel: A History of Military Medicine from the Middle Ages to the War in Afghanistan. 1st ed. Washington, District of Columbia: Potomac Books; 2013.
6.
ManjiRAWoodKEKumarA. The history and evolution of circulatory shock. Crit Care Clin. 2009;25:1-29. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2008.12.013
HernigouP. Ambroise pare II: Pare’s contributions to amputation and ligature. Int Orthop. 2013;37(4):769-772.
9.
BarrJPappasT. The role of the American Board of Surgery in the development of surgical residencies in post–world war II America. Am Surg. 2019;85(3):245-251. Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/2210363046/
10.
LingGSFRheePEcklundJM, 2010. Surgical innovations arising from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Annu Rev Med;61(1):457-468. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.071207.140903
StathopoulosP. Maxillofacial surgery: The impact of the great war on both sides of the trenches. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;22(1):21-24. doi:10.1007/s10006-017-0659-5
13.
PolavarapuHVKulaylatANSunSHamedO. 100 years of surgical education: The past, present, and future. Bull Am Surg. 2013;98(7):22-27.
14.
DoughertyPJCarterPRSeligsonDBensonRDPurvisJM, Orthopaedic surgery advances resulting from world war II. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2004;86(1):176-181. doi:10.2106/00004623-200401000-00028
