Nobel Prize Winners who Were Trained as Surgeons

Alfred Nobel's Will. Available at: http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html. Accessed June 1, 2008.

Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to the Nobel Prizes. Available at: http:/www.britannica.com/nobel/. Copyright© 2008 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Accessed June 1, 2008.

Jain K.M. , Swan K.G. , Casey K.F. Nobel prize winners in surgery: Part 1. Am Surg 1981; 47: 195–200.

Morris J.B. , Schirmer W.J. The “right stuff: Five Nobel prize-winning surgeons. Surgery 1990; 108: 71–80.

Rutkow I.M. The nineteenth century: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Switzerland. In: Rutkow I.M. , ed. Surgery. An Illustrated History. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1993, pp 386–406.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909. Available at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Kocher T. Zur pathologie und therapie des kropfes. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Chiurgie 1874; 4: 417–40.

Kocher T. Uber kropfextirpation und ihre folgen. Arch Klin Chir 1883; 29: 254–337.

Zimmerman L.M. , Veith I. Theodore Kocher (1841–1917) and the surgery of the endocrine system. In: Zimmerman L.M. , Veith I. , eds. Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1961, pp 499–518.

Katz M. , Kruger P.B. The human eye as an optical system. In: Tasman W. , Jaeger E.A. Jr. eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, pp 1–56.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Dente C.J. , Feliciano D.V. Alexis Carrel (1873–1944). Nobel laureate, 1912. Arch Surg 2005; 140: 609–10.

Carrel A. La technique operatoire des anastomoses vasculaires et la transplantation des visceres. Lyon Med 1902; 98: 859–64.

Stephenson H.E. Jr. , Kimpton R.S. America's First Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. The Story of Guthrie and Carrel. Boston: Midwestern Vascular Surgery Society, 2000.

Carrel A. The surgery of blood vessels, etc. John Hopkins Hosp. Bull. 1907; 18: 18–28.

Carrel A. Results of the transplantation of blood vessels, organs and limbs. JAMA 1908; 51: 1662–7.

Edwards W.S. Alexis Carrel. 1873–1944. Contemp Surg 1979; 14: 65–79.

Jain K.M. , Swan K.G. , Casey K.F. Nobel prize winners in surgery. Part 2. Am Surg 1982; 48: 191–6.

Carrel A. Rejuvenation of cultures of tissues. JAMA 1911; 57: 1611.

Malinin T.I. Remembering Alexis Carrel and Charles A. Lindbergh. Tex Heart Inst J 1996; 23: 28–35.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Rutkow I.M. The twentieth century: Otorhinolaryngological surgery. In Rutkow I.M. Surgery An Illustrated History. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1993, pp 525–526.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Jain K.M. , Swan K.G. , Casey K.F. Nobel prize winners in surgery. Part 3. Am Surg 1982; 48: 287–92.

Shampo M.A. , Kyle R.A. Fredrick Banting—Nobel laureate for discovery of insulin. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 576.

Bliss M. The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, p 52.

Bliss M. The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp 67, 256.

Bliss M. The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, p 126.

Bliss M. The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp 99–110.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Wade N. Nobel follies. Science 1981; 211: 1404.

Ligon B.L. Sir Alexander Fleming: Scottish research who discovered penicillin. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2007; 15: 58–64.

Bennett J.W. , Chung K.T. Alexander Fleming and the discovery of penicillin. Adv Appl Microbiol 2001; 49: 163–84.

Berger H. Sir Alexander Fleming, 1881–1955. Clin Cardiol 1989; 12: 110–2.

Fleming A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 1929; 10: 216–26.

Bentley R. The development of penicillin. Genesis of a famous antibiotic. Perspect Biol Med 2005; 48: 444–52.

Chain E. , Florey E.W. , Gardner A.D. Penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent. Lancet 1940; 1: 226–8.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Jain K.M. , Swan K.G. , Casey K.F. Nobel prize winners in surgery. Part 4. Am Surg 1982; 48: 495–500.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Liao S. Obituary of Charles B. Huggins, MD. JAMA 1997; 278: 1545.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

Shampo M.A. , Kyle R.A. Joseph E. Murray—Nobel prize for organ transplantation. In: Shampo M.A. , Kyle R.A. , eds. Medicine & Stamps. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2004, pp 147–48.

Cash M.P. , Dente C.J. , Feliciano D.V. , Joseph E. Murray (1919–). Nobel laureate, 1990. Arch Surg 2005; 140: 270–2.

Murray J.E. Surgery of the Soul: Reflections on a Curious Career. Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 2001.

Murray J.E. , Merrill J.P. , Harrison J.H. Renal homotransplantation in identical twins. Surg Forum 1955; 6: 432–6.

Merrill J.P. , Murray J.E. , Harrison J.H. , Guild W. Successful homotransplantation of human kidney between identical twins. JAMA 1956; 160: 277–82.

Murray J.E. , Merrill J.P. , Harrison J.H. Successful homotransplantation of the kidney between non-identical twins. N Engl J Med 1960; 262: 1251–6.

Murray J.E. , Merrill J.P. , Harrison J.H. Prolonged survival of human kidney homografts by immunosuppressive drug therapy. N Engl J Med 1963; 268: 1315–23.

Merrill J.P. , Murray J.E. , Takacs F.J. Successful transplantation from a human cadaver. JAMA 1963; 185: 347–53.

Beecher H. , Adams R. , Barger A. A definition of irreversible coma: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death. JAMA 1968; 205: 337–40.

The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990. Accessed at: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html. Retrieved June 1, 2008.