Collé Action

Carl Flesch , Urstudien, (New York, NY: Carl Fischer, 1911), 8; Flesch, The Art of Violin Playing: Book One, 58.

Bob Phillips , & Kirk Moss , Sound Innovations for String Orchestra: Sound Development (Van Nuys, CA: Alfred, 2012); Anderson Gerald E. , & Frost Robert S. , All for Strings: Comprehensive String Method (San Diego, CA: Neil A Kjos).

Berman Joel , Jackson Barbara G. , & Sarch Kenneth , The ASTA Dictionary of Bowing and Pizzicato Terms, 4th ed., (Fairfax, VA: American String Teachers Association, 1999). There is no mention of system of springs or a derivation of the term in this dictionary.

Fischer Simon , Basics: 300 Exercises and Practice Routines for the Violin (New York, NY: Peters Edition, 1997), 7; Barrett Henry , The Viola: Complete Guide for Teachers and Students, (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1978), 72.

Hamann Donald L. & Gillespie Robert , Strategies for Teaching Strings: Building a Succesful String and Orchestra Program, 2nd ed. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2009), 79.

Berman and others, The ASTA Dictionary of Bowing and Pizzicato Terms, 16; see also Galamian , Principles of Violin Playing & Teaching, 73.

Galamian , Principles of Violin Playing & Teaching, 74.

Ibid., 73; Fischer, Basics, 62.

Ibid.; Gerle , The Art of Bowing Practice: The Expressive Bow Technique, 67.

Rolland Paul & Mutschler Maria , The Teaching of Action in String Playing: Developmental and Remedial Techniques [for] Violin and Viola (Urbana, IL: Illinois String Research Associates, 1974), 33.

Straws are an excellent resource, because they bend when the students bow-hand shape becomes tense.

Hamann and Gillespie , Strategies for Teaching Strings, 60; Rolland , The Teaching of Actum in String Playing, 85.

Hamann and Gillespie , Strategies for Teaching Strings, 67.

Ibid., 73.