The Age-Period-Cohort Conundrum and Verbal Ability: Empirical Relationships and Their Interpretation *

Alwin Duane F. 1991. “Family of Origin and Cohort Differences in Verbal Ability.” American Sociological Review 56: 625–38.

Alwin Duane F. and McCammon Ryan J. . 1999. “Aging versus Cohort Interpretations of Inter-cohort Differences in GSS Vocabulary Scores.” American Sociological Review 64: 272–86.

Berliner David C. and Biddle Bruce J. . 1995. The Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America's Public Schools. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Botwinick Jack . 1967. Cognitive Processes in Maturity and Old Age. New York: Springer.

Botwinick Jack . 1977. “Intellectual Abilities.” Pp. 580–605 in Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, edited by Birren J. E. and Schaie K. W. . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Botwinick Jack . 1984. Aging and Behavior. New York: Springer.

Cattell Raymond B. 1971. Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Crowley Terry . 1992. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cunningham Walter R. and Owens William A. Jr . 1983. “The Iowa State Study of the Adult Development of Intellectual Abilities.” Pp. 20–39 in Longitudinal Studies of Adult Psychological Development, edited by Schaie K. W. . New York: Guilford.

Dixon Roger A. , Kramer Deirdre A. , and Baltes Paul B. . 1985. “Intelligence: A Life-Span Developmental Perspective.” Pp. 301–50 in Handbook of Intelligence, edited by Wolman B. B. . New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Elder Glen . 1974. Children of the Great Depression. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Flynn James R. 1984. “The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978.” Psychological Bulletin 95: 29–51.

Flynn James R. 1987. “Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure.” Psychological Bulletin 101: 171–91.

Flynn James R. 1994. “IQ Gains Over Time.” Pp. 617–23 in Encyclopedia of Human Intelligence, edited by Sternberg R. J. , Ceci S. J. , Horn J. , Hunt E. , Matarazzo J. P. , and Scarr S. . New York: Macmillan.

Flynn James R. 1998. “IQ Gains Over Time: Toward Finding the Causes.” Pp. 25–66 in The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures, edited by Neisser U. . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Glenn Norval D. 1976. “Cohort Analysts' Futile Quest: Statistical Attempts to Separate Age, Period, and Cohort Effects.” American Sociological Review 41: 900–904.

Glenn Norval D. 1989. “A Caution about Mechanical Solutions to the Identification Problem in Cohort Analysis: Comment on Sasaki and Suzuki.” American Journal of Sociology 95: 754–61.

Glenn Norval D. 1994. “Television-Watching, Newspaper Reading, and Cohort Differences in Verbal Ability.” Sociology of Education 67: 216–30.

Glenn Norval D. 1999. “Further Discussion of the Evidence for an Intercohort Decline in Education-Adjusted Vocabulary.” American Sociological Review 64: 267–71.

Gove Walter R. and Wilson James A. . 1999. “Changes in Education: Implications for Researchers.” Paper to be presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society, April, Nashville, TN.

Hauser Robert M. and Huang Min-Hsiung . 1997. “Verbal Ability and Socio-Economic Success: A Trend Analysis.” Social Science Research 26: 331–76.

Hock Hans Henrich and Joseph Brian D. . 1996. Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Horn John L. and Donaldson Gary . 1980. “Cognitive Development in Adulthood.” Pp. 445–529 in Constancy and Change in Human Development, edited by Brim O. G. Jr. and Kagan J. . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Huang Min-Hsiung and Hauser Robert M. . 1998. “Trends in Black-White Test-Score Differentials: The WORDSUM Vocabulary Test.” Pp. 303–32 in The Rising Curve: Long Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures, edited by Neisser U. . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Jennings Peter and Brewster Todd . 1998. Century. New York: Doubleday.

Kucera Henry and Nelson Francis W. . 1967. Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.

Laidler Keith J. 1998. To Light Such a Candle: Chapters in the History of Science and Technology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Loehlin John C. , Lindzey Gardner , and Spuhler J. N. . 1975. Race Differences in Intelligence. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.

Marcorini Edgardo . 1988. The History of Science and Technology: A Narrative Chronology, vol. 2, 1900–1970. New York: Facts on File.

Marty Myron A. 1997. Daily Life in the United States, 1960–1990: Decades of Discord. West-port, CT: Greenwood.

Miner John B. 1957. Intelligence in the United States. New York: Springer.

Mirriam-Webster . 1999. “How does a Word Get into the Dictionary?” Retrieved January 4, 1997 (http://www.m-w.com/about/wordin.htm).

Neisser Ulric . 1998. “Introduction: Rising Test Scores and What They Mean.” Pp. 3–22 in The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures, edited by Neisser U. . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Roberts Jean . 1971. Intellectual Development of Children as Measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 72–1004, Series 11, Number 107, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC.

Rothstein Richard . 1998. The Way We Were: The Myths and Realities of America's Student Achievement. New York: Century Foundation.

Salthouse Timothy A. 1982. Adult Cognition: An Experimental Psychology of Human Aging. New York: Springer.

Schaie K. Warner . 1983. “The Seattle Longitudinal Study: A 21–Year Exploration of Psychometric Intelligence in Adulthood.” Pp. 64–135 in Longitudinal Studies of Adult Psychological Development, edited by Schaie K. W. . New York: Guilford Press.

Seashore Harold , Wesman Alexander , and Doppelt Jerome . 1950. “The Standardization of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.” Journal of Consulting Psychology 14: 99–110.

Stake Robert . 1965. “Review of the Vocabulary Tests-GT.” Pp. 342–342a in The Sixth Mental Measurements Yearbook, edited by Buros O. K. . Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon.

Thorndike Robert L. 1942. “Two Screening Tests of Verbal Intelligence.” Journal of Applied Psychology 26: 128–35.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 1982. Projections of Education Statistics to 1990–91. NCES 82–402–A. By Frankel M. M. and Gerald D. E. . Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 1997. Projections of Education Statistics to 2008. NCES 98–016. By Gerald D. E. and Hussar W. J. . Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

Weakliem David , McQuillan Julia , and Schauer Tracy . 1995. “Toward Meritocracy? Changing Social-Class Differences in Intellectual Ability.” Sociology of Education 68: 271–86.

Wilson James A. and Gove Walter R. . 1999. “The Intercohort Decline in Verbal Ability: Does It Exist?” American Sociological Review 64: 253–66.